The Free Soil Party - 1093 Words

30. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except [A] free government homesteads for settlers. [B] internal improvements. [C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia. [D] support of the Wilmot Proviso. [E] opposition to slavery in the territories. 31. According to the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by [A] the most popular national leaders. [B] a Supreme Court decision. [C] congressional legislation. [D] the vote of the people in any given territory. [E] a national referendum. 32. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was [A] expansion. [B] personalities. [C] Indian removal. [D] slavery.†¦show more content†¦[B] the fact that, despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. [C] the seriousness of political divisions in the North. [D] the fact that passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. [E] the importance of honor to northerners. 45. Match each candidate in the 1856 election below with the correct party. ___ A. John C. Frà ©mont ___ B. Millard Fillmore ___ C. Martin Van Buren ___ D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic 2. Republican 3. Know-Nothing [A] A-2, B-3, D-1 [B] A-3, C-1, D-2 [C] A-1, B-3, C-2 [D] B-1, C-2, D-3 [E] A-2, B-3, C-1 46. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court [A] held that slaveowners could not take slaves into free territories. [B] expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. [C] hoped to stimulate further debate on the slavery issue. [D] supported the concept of popular sovereignty. [E] reunited the Democratic party. 47. The political career of Abraham Lincoln could best be described as [A] marred by early political opportunism. [B] hurt by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. [C] hurt by his marriage. [D] characterized by a rapid rise to power. [E] slow to get off the ground. 48. As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, [A] Lincoln’s national stature was diminished. [B] Lincoln was elected to the Senate. [C] Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate. [D]Show MoreRelatedThe Confederate and Union War1127 Words   |  5 Pagescountry than what the chief commander actually and initially issued the enlistment for. Chapter 13: Analyze the arguments of the Free Soil Party. How did its members understand freedom? How did slavery fit into their platform? The term â€Å"Free Soil† seemed to be very controversial during that time era because of it’s demand and stipulations. Actually, the Free Soil position seemed to be very popular with much appeal in the North, and was seen fairly different from the idea of abolishment. ItRead MoreNorth South Tensions Before Civil War868 Words   |  4 Pagesthreatened free-labor ideology (359). As a result, in 1846, Pennsylvania Democrat David Wilmot proposed an amendment, known as the Wilmot Proviso. Wilmot proposed that slavery be barred in the territories gained from Mexico (359. A handful of state legislatures endorsed the Wilmot proviso. However, the Wilmot’s proposal most important in that it stirred up Northern hatred of slavery. With anti-slavery sentiment gaining momentum,in 1848, antislavery whigs and former supporters of the Liberty Party joinedRead MoreThe Bill Of 1846 : The Greatest Achievement Of Totalitarian Rule1452 Words   |  6 Pagesmillions of dollars for negotiating,is the encompassment of the U.S urge for bureaucratic and calm compromise lacking the call of war, the Wilmot Proviso had no place in the bill of 1846. The Proviso stated that any territory from Mexico should be a free state, and should have slavery banned. Unfortunately it was not passed because it was blatantly anti-South and southern senators were fearful of their plantations and slaves. The Missouri Compromise quelled government panic with the slave issue, butRead MoreThe Kansas- Nebraska Act Essay1085 Words   |  5 Pagesnon-Democratic Northern party factions to join together and oppose the Democratic power in American politics. The non-democratic parties that join forces were the Free-soilers, Anti- Nebraska Whigs, Anti- Nebraska Democrats, Nativist groups and Abolitionists. These groups created the Republican Party. The Republican Party unlike parties before it was a purely sectional party. The Republican Party made its first real stand during the election of 1856. During this election the Republican Party came close toRead MoreA Brief Biography of Sam Houston701 Words   |  3 Pagesissue of western expansion was an important topic in the middle of the 19th century, and with the admittance of new territories, there was the controversy on whether or not new western territories should be admitted to the Union as slave states or free states. Sam Houston was supportive of western expansion, but he was not supportive of the spreading of slavery. Houston’s opposition came to Congress in the form of a bill in 1854. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was proposed, and it repealed the MissouriRead MoreThe Reform Mo vements Of The United States Of America Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesvalues of the new, rising nation and its belief that all men are equal. Advocates for the anti-slavery movement were not united from the start; some supported gradual emancipation of slaves, others were for immediate and radical abolishment, while free-soil activists argued for restriction of slavery to certain areas in order to prevent its spread across the country. Radical abolition movement was part of the reform movements related to religious revivals in an effort to create a righteous societyRead MoreThe Wilmot Proviso And The Civil War1614 Words   |  7 Pageswere to be acquired from Mexico, there should be no slavery or involuntary servitude there. His Proviso sparked new political conflict and debate over the extension of slavery and tested the Missouri Compromise that had protected both slave states and free states and not permitting it in newly admitted states. With newly acquired territory from th e Mexican War, the national debate continued and in 1846, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso but it did not pass through the Senate. PresidentRead MoreThe Slavery Of The South Essay810 Words   |  4 Pagesabolition of slavery. The people behind this movement were called abolitionists. One of the leading abolitionists was William Lloyd Garrison. He began publishing a newspaper against slavery. His paper was called The Liberator because he wanted to free the slaves. In 1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s novel, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared.The book emphasized the worst evils of slavery. Nat Turner, a black preacher, led a group of Virginia slaves in a revolt against their masters. The rebelling slavesRead MoreThe Decline of the Democrats1567 Words   |  6 PagesThe Decline of the Democrats--The Decline of the South The history of political parties in the United States has always hinged upon the key sectarian differences of the times in which such parties were existent. The very foundation of political parties in this country, which began with the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists, is demonstrative of this fact as those two groups were largely split on the issue of national versus states rights and the implementation of a national bank. As the countryRead MoreThe Battle Against Yankee Invaders1734 Words   |  7 Pageswas an equal number of free and slave states, which added up to thirty states. The new territory acquired from Mexico threatened to disrupt this balance. An ideology termed free soil argued to congress that slavery ought to be not included in the new territories. This extreme doctrine of free soil threatened to banish the rights of free Americans across the country. The moderates endorsed popular sovereignty, which would allow each new territory to choose between free soil and slavery through their

South Suburban Physiology Online Class Title Page

South Suburban Physiology online class title page : Why do you procrastinator so much ! Martell C Williams South Suburban Community College Abstract The problem is that I procrast when it come with school and work.In the past year I didnt do well in this same class end of having to drop the class in the main reason why is because I would wait last minture to do the work or go online. It cause me to be late and I tuned in the assessment last minute. I wait last minute to do everything. My hypotheses is if you follow these easy step you wouldn t procurator anymore.The methods and steps I use to help me with my stop procrastination is write down my work on a calendar. Break my work into little steps. Then change the area i m in if it s loud ,and I cannot stay focus ; I would go somewhere quiet , so I can get the work done . Most of the time it s the library for me because it s so quiet in the library. Create a goal a timeline with deadlines about the work. Eliminate my procrastination pit-stops which mean to us young adults election deceive anything that stop me from doing my work is a pit-stop. Get a friend that inspire to who is going to take action and help you not procurator which its my girlfriend. Ask for help if you stuck on something don t wait last minute ask your teacher or friend. Write your goals on something look at it everyday. If you want to get this work done write it down look at it everyday until it is finish. Finally Just do it don t waitShow MoreRelatedEssay on Silent Spring - Rachel Carson30092 Words   |  121 PagesSilent Spring Rachel Carson Online Information For the online version of BookRags Silent Spring Premium Study Guide, including complete copyright information, please visit: http://www.bookrags.com/studyguide-silentspring/ Copyright Information  ©2000-2007 BookRags, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. The following sections of this BookRags Premium Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author BiographyRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesIntroduction to Statistics and Data Analysis This page intentionally left blank Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis Third Edition Roxy Peck California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Chris Olsen George Washington High School, Cedar Rapids, IA Jay Devore California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo Australia †¢ Brazil †¢ Canada †¢ Mexico †¢ Singapore †¢ Spain †¢ United Kingdom †¢ United States Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis, ThirdRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY

Dystopian Literature free essay sample

Literature is not concerned with shaping the future but with teaching us about the problems of the present†. Discuss Lord of the Flies and Animal Farm in light of this comment. Many critics have argued that several extreme historical circumstances of the 20th century have led to the flourishing of dystopian literature. Dystopias usually extrapolate elements of contemporary society and function as a warning against some modern trend, often the threat of oppressive regimes in one form or another. In Orwells Animal Farm and Golding’s Lord of the Flies, both authors create a dystopia; however the intention of the characters originally was to create a perfect society. But Golding and Orwell are trying to convey that society will always be corrupt and a utopia can never be achieved, as in both novels the uncorrupted leaders who begin with good intentions soon spiral out of control with their want of power and control. In Animal Farm, this process happens gradually with the changing of the seven commandments by Napoleon to justify his own behaviour which at the beginning of the revolution he outlined as enemy traits. For example, the sixth commandment is No animal shall kill any other animal but Squealer changes this to No animal shall kill any other animal without cause’. After Napoleon executes animals that were allegedly plotting against him, also when Boxer is injured Napoleon sells him to a glue factory to be slaughtered. In response to the question both novels can seen as using allergory to criticise society in the time they were written. Though Lord of the flies is fictional its exploration of violence and brutality can be seen as partly based on Goldings experience of World War II. In relation to Animal Farm the novel reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era before World War II. There are several metaphors in â€Å"Animal Farm† which refer to the Russian Revolution and demonstrate how a dream of freedom can soon turn into a violent nightmare which provides an indirect analysis of the perpetrators and events of the Russian Revolution. Animalism can be seen as an allegory mirror of the Soviet Union and is the ideology which brainwashes the animals into their new government. At first it is a positive change from â€Å"Manor Farm† which gives them connotations of slaves as they are owned by humans into â€Å"Animal Farm† however, the majority of animals lead a worse existence under the rule of pigs who promised equality. There are comparisons that can be made with animalism and Marxism, the first is the economy, both have firm beliefs that there is no need for money or social class, however this fundamental principle is immediately undermined by the fact that the pigs are in charge thus creating a hierarchy in the farm in which they are the top of. Another similarity is that the two concepts were created by respectable â€Å"men†, Old Major; a pig who dreams of animalism instigates the revolution in the farm before his death. Karl Marx was the soul thinker of Marxism and Orwell demonstrates through the plot in the novel how ideas of Marxism and communism bring about equality immediately but corruption in leadership brings about oppression. This technique of using animals to represent the society Orwell wished to criticise can be seen in all the characters in â€Å"Animal Farm†, however we will explore only the main contributors. Napoleon is the villain of the novel and an obvious metaphor for Joseph Stalin, the very name Napoleon is fitting as the Napoleon the French dictator was seen by many as the Anti-Christ. At first Napoleon seems like a good leader but eventually is overcome by greed which is what occurred in Stalin’s rein, he soon became power hungry and lived a life of luxury while Russia and its people suffered. Another part of Stalin that Orwell illustrates through Napoleon is the paranoia of losing power and this fear breeds violence and leads to the execution of innocents who were seen as a threat. Another important character is Squealer which many critics correlate with the Russian media’s use of propaganda. He is the spokesperson for the pigs and has to make everything oppressive and exploiting which occurs on the farm positive making lying necessary, much like what the media’s job was in the rein of Stalin. Snowball is also significant in representing Trotsky who was original revolutionaries but as Stalin rose to power became one of his biggest enemies and was finally expelled one year after Stalin took power. Snowball is exiled from the farm the same as Trotsky but Trotsky was also exiled from Russian history, his face was removed from pictures of the revolution and he was renounced as a traitor, finally he was assassinated by a Stalinist agent in 1940. Although Moses the Raven has a minor role in the novel it is a significant one, as he represents the Russian Orthodox Church. Moses fled the farm shortly after the revolution and when he eventually returned he never did any work but preached to the animals about Sugar Candy Mountain, a paradise he claimed animals go to go after they die. It is important that at first Moses is not allowed on the farm but then welcomed by Napoleon and given a â€Å"ration of beer†. Orwell could be highlighting that the Russian Church was used as a tool of oppression, as according to Marx religion is â€Å"the opium of the people†, it numbs people of their exploitation and suffering much like a drug. It also demonstrates that even the most good and pure people on earth can be corrupted and Orwell could be indicating that this cycle of corruption will always continue as human nature will never change. Further metaphors that are used as a parallel to the Russian revolution such as the song â€Å"Beasts of England† is a metaphor for the ideology of communism. The project of building the windmill represents Stalin’s â€Å"Five year plan† in which he promised would improve the Soviets Industry which would lead to shorter working weeks for the working class as the animals were promised an easier life. However, both were a failure but Napoleon and Stalin refuse to admit to defeat and continue thinking that they will solve the problems. Another significant technique used by Orwell is the portrayal of the oppressed through the omniscient third person narrator which makes the story more universal and relevant not only within the context of the novel. It challenges the assumption that oppression is born out of evil motives and dictatorship but that it is self inflicted by the acceptance of and the naivety of the oppressed. The main technique that is used to justify the oppression of the animals is through the manipulation of language which is exploited by the intelligent pigs. They twist the words of the Old Majors ideals on socialism and change their own original seven commandments to decriminalize their own actions. Another means of control is the songs used to create a collective conscience on the farm mainly the â€Å"Beasts of England† which is propaganda technique which brainwashes the animals to believe that the government has their best interests at heart. Thus although some will argue that Orwell’s intention was to provide a cautionary tale through the moral issues of human kind highlighted in his novel it is important to consider it was a recollection of current affairs, criticising the original readers. So before messages of warning can be translated for future societies through the criticism in this novel the problems of current occurrences need to be tackled by the oppressed and the oppressors because there is one common trait they both hold, human nature which they can never escape. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† shares similar themes to â€Å"Animal farm† as it is deeply rooted in socio-political concerns of its era as it was written in post World War II. It could be seen that the novel is highlighting the Cold War conflict between Liberal Democracy and totalitarian communism. Ralph can be seen to represent the liberal tradition and Jack the military type dictatorship of the communist regime. It is significant that Golding sets the novel in future reality after an atomic war however this does not necessarily mean he is fixated on the future of society but making this tale relevant to future readers who will question the corruption of their present society. Golding uses heavy symbolism to illustrate the parallels that the boys â€Å"new† society is not much different than the one they belonged to in civilization. Before the boys arrive the Island can be seen like the Garden of Eden however this is soon destroyed through the corruption they create. This links to the scar on the Island which is manmade thus symbolises the damaging encroachment of humans in paradise. The conch which is founded by Piggy and Ralph and is used to reinforce order and authority, only the person holding the conch may talk and everybody else has to listen. Jack smashes the conch which metaphorical of him breaking away from the civilised society they have established into a world of violence and savagery. Piggy’s glasses symbolise understanding and clarity however when the lenses become cracked (also at the hands of Jack) this marks the boys losing sight of what they need to do and a further breakdown in the civilization. The boy’s only connection with civilisation and hope of ever returning to it is the signal fire which the longer the boys remain on the Island the less important it becomes which demonstrates their loss of moral values and interest in authority. When the fire rages out of control it is metaphorical of the boy’s loss of control or perhaps society’s influence on them. The title which Golding chose â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is significant as it contributes highly to the interpretation of the novel. There is reference to the Hebrew name Beelzebub which means â€Å"God of the flies† this is synonymous with Satan as he was the Devils right hand man. This religious reference Golding uses to illustrate an interesting Freudian concept about the ID which is what governs an individual’s survival and Golding indicates it is the internal psyche of the inherit evil of human nature which leads to the frightening events on the Island and not external supernatural forces. The Beast which is used as a tool of fear on the Island personifies the savagery and evil of mankind that Golding is trying to highlight. Another religious reference which is evident throughout is Simon being seen as a Christ like figure he is the only person who understands the truth of human nature but he is slain as he attempts to share it. This is a criticism of society on Golding’s behalf as if somebody speaks out and blames events on the government they are put in prison or executed. It is therefore questioning if we ever have freedom of speech even in modern society and it is employing everybody to look within themselves because as we are all human we are products of society which makes us corrupted thus this is why we will never have a utopian society as humans are corrupt to the core. This assumption is confirmed by Golding himself â€Å"the boys try to construct a civilization but it breaks down in terror because the boys are sufferering from the terrible disease of being human†. It is therefore clear that Golding’s hypothesis about humanity is pessimistic and I don’t believe in this novel he has attempted to shape a outlook on a future society. With his attitude towards human kind he would not concern himself with trying to shape the future as it would be pointless as the inherit evil of human nature he depicts is unchangeable. Much is the same with Orwell however he does not place so much blame on individuals but is more critical of governments. Thus both authors do not concern themselves with influencing the future of society as both make it clear that they never think an ideal society is achievable.

Robert of Jumieges Essay Example

Robert of Jumieges Essay Another relevant reason as to why the crises of 1051 and 1052 were significant was because it showed the true authority and capabilities the earls had and the weakness and incapabilitys of the King. Edward knew that he would only ever be King in name unless he could destroy Godwins authority. McLynn quotes, If he did not take a stand against Godwin and his contumacious family he would be reduced to the status of figurehead King or cipher. The crises of 1051-52 merely clarified this fact that the King just did not have the power to make any grand scale decisions. Everything was decided either in advance for the King or on the spot for him. He was forced into marrying Godwins daughter Edith for example. Now what possible reason could there be to suggest that Edward actually wanted to wed Edith. Apart from the fact that she was much younger than he was she just happened to be a daughter of the man he hated most who just wanted some Godwin blood on the throne. Another example would be the incident of Eustace of Bologne where he couldnt even force an earl to punish his own men; he was taken to trial. We will write a custom essay sample on Robert of Jumieges specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Robert of Jumieges specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Robert of Jumieges specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So it was clearly obvious that these events of 1051 and 52 showed just how much authority Edward didnt have in terms of decision making. But it was not only in his decision-making that Edward lacked the power needed but also in terms of his strength on the battlefield. In preparation for his first battle with Godwin Edward tried desperately to get the remaining two earls Leofric and Siward to support him. Leofric was particularly reluctant to help out but in the end the end decided on doing so. This then resulted in Godwin having to accept defeat and being exiled from the country. However when Godwin returned for part two of the battle the earls basically refused bluntly to help Edward in any way shape or form. Without the assistance of the earls Edward was defenceless and weak. He therefore had to accept Godwins terms and let his most hated enemy run his country. It is therefore obvious that the King had no control over his own actions unless he had the support of at least one earl. A significant long-term effect of the crises of 1051-52 was also the beginning of the Godwins dominance on the country. With Godwin now virtually running the nation he could put anyone wherever and whenever he wanted. Harold Godwinson then succeeded Godwin on to the earl of Wessex when he died and also became he head of his large and popular family. As earl Harold could use his assets to help him perform his duties for the king more effectively. Then on the 6th of January 1066 Godwins life long dream was established when his son, a man of pure Godwin blood, was crowned king of England. One son was King another an earl. The Godwin reign had begun. Godwin was a true family man and the events during 1051-52 express this. This theory was particularly apparent when he forced Edward into marrying his daughter in the chance that they would have a son of Godwin blood who would be heir to the throne. Unfortunately for Godwin this did not work out for a number of different reasons. Godwin also showed his dedication to having his family stay as one in England so when he was gone they could be a formidable force, when he desperately pleaded with King Edward for his eldest son Swein to be forgiven and be able to return. Surely committing a sin as hostile as he did any other father would disown him however this was never the case for Godwin. He eventually did get his way and Swein was allowed to return only for him to unexpectedly die on a pilgrimage seeking penance from God. Harold was also Earl of East Anglia for eight years whilst the confrontations between Edward and Godwin had gone on. So for the Godwins they would have felt they gained an extremely vast mount out of the crises of 1051 and 52. Looking back on the Crises of 1051 and 1052 Historians will probably feel that the most significant result was the confusion and controversy over the successor to Edwards throne. There would never have been any confusion or arguments over this only if Edwards wife had given birth to a son. Of course this was not to happen for a number of reasons, possibly he was too religious, or maybe he did not want any grandson of Godwin being heir to the throne. However either way a son of Edward just was not to be. Therefore when Edward did eventually die there was a number of people who lied claim to he throne. A major contender at the time, however the more historians look back on it the more it seems unlikely was William. This claim was apparently true on a number of accounts. There were two main suggestions as to why William could possibly have become Williams successor to the throne. The first, rather unbelievable but at the same time still a suggestion, was that William visited Edward in 1051 and was apparently promised the throne there and then. The second, a little more believable, was that Edward sent Robert of Jumieges to promise the throne and as a sign that this offer was authentic to also give Godwins hostages Wulfnoth (son) and Hakon (Grandson). This supposedly took place in 1051 and was supposedly agreed by both Edward and Stigand (the in between man who was trusted by both Edward and Godwin). This theory therefore has a perfectly legitimate claim. However why would Edward choose William? The Normans came up with three reasons. One They were very distant relations and therefore someone of the same blood. Two It was an almost thank you gesture for helping him out in 1043 when he had fled to Normandy. And finally because Edward apparently felt William was the best man for the job (taking into consideration that he was only fourteen at the time). It was also claimed that Edward was desperate to keep some Norman influence in England. There maybe quite a bit of evidence backing up Williams claim, however the evidence to say it was a false claim is undoubtedly more reliable and realistic. For example there were many others with much better claims to the throne (Earl Ralph, Edward Aething etc. ). Edward also had no great love of Normandy. He was never treated well there nor was he ever welcomed there. McLynn writes A vague promise was made but it was not genuine. On the other hand Barlow writes in his book Edward had already promised the throne to Swein Estrithson. He just used the nomination as a diplomatic card. The more realistic and probably true having known the type of character Robert of Jumieges was is written by Walker and it basically says that the promise was made by Jumieges when escaping after 1052. He had hostages with him and made the offer out of spite for Godwin and because he wanted William to re-instate him. In conclusion I feel that the period in history which was the crises of 1051-52 were a significant time for the Countrys history. The two years contained controversy, countless squabbles, treason, backstabbing and violence. The main consequences of the crises were, a long exhausting and humiliating defeat for Edward, a huge gain for Godwin who laid the foundations for the next generation and a lot of controversy caused mainly by a certain individual known as Robert of Jumieges.

Social problem facing the contemporary US

Essay on Christian Propaganda

Essay on Christian Propaganda Essay on Christian Propaganda This is a free example essay on Christian Propaganda: Throughout history, the Christian community has used various ploys in order to gain members. In the Ninth Century AD, monks, in England, recorded the folklore of their â€Å"heathen† neighbors in their own language. In the 11th through 18th centuries, in various areas, Catholics used raw torture and death to force conversion. And even today television stations such as PAX â€Å"family programming† is little more than tele-evangelists and trumped up â€Å"miracles.† Two prime examples of the texts written and some what enriched by the monks of England are, of course Beowulf and Judith. While it remains unclear as to exactly who wrote the original manuscripts, it is believed that it was a monk or priest, and it has been widely accepted that these stories were handed down, generation to generation, by oral tradition. The epic poem Beowulf directly precedes Judith in the same manuscript, leading us to believe they were recorded by the same persons, with the same motives. In Beowulf we read of a hero that destroys the enemy of his brethren, Grendel (and Grendel’s mother), believed by some to be the descendant of the biblical Cain, thus ending his lineage; a lineage that has been that of pure evil from the time of Cain’s brother Abel’s murder. Beowulf then leads his people into battle with the dragon, killing both the dragon and himself, much like St. George. In Judith we read of a heroine (interestingly an Israelite) oppressed b y a tyrant, Holofernes. Eventually Judith can take no more, and rises up and smites her oppressor, with, ironically, his own sword. Much as the Hebrews did in Exodus. We then must look at instances such as the various Inquisitions instituted by the Catholic Church for nearly eight centuries, the most commonly known being the Spanish Inquisition. Starting in the mid- 15th century (1478), the Spanish Inquisition was not suppressed until 1834. Over these 356 years hundreds of thousands of heretics, heathens and other â€Å"sacrilegious† persons were tortured and killed by some of the most horrible means possible; all for what they believed, or did not believe, as the case may be. People were hanged, burned at the stake, boiled alive, or worse, for no â€Å"good† reason except they were not Catholic. They were told if they renounced their faith, they would be spared, but as those who did found out, more often than not, they were lied to. As anyone would guess, word of these events traveled rather quickly, and the Catholic population in Spain grew rapidly. So we ask. why did the Inquisition last 356 years? The answer is it did not, at lea st not in practice. Granted there were the fanatics that continued to torture those accused of heresy, but as a whole the practice was discontinued after a relatively short period of time. The institution, however, was not officially suppressed by the Pope until July 15, 1834. If a person were to look at local television listings, the majority of what they would find would pertain to what the American public watches most, drugs, sex, and violence. However, there are a few networks, such as PAX that offer what they call family programming; what I call Propaganda. Over half of their programming consists of tele-evangelists. The network executives, rope in young parents with inoffensive material, hoping that they will watch their network almost exclusively. Before long, the children of these young parents are asking Mom and Dad, why they never go to church. Have they ever seen a miracle? And before you know it, this entire family is going to not only a Sunday worship, but Wednesday evening as well, not to mention the Tuesday-Thursday Bible Study; thus completing this vicious cycle. We have in this country, what is called Separation of Church and State, and freedom of speech. This is why we can turn on our television at five o’clock in the morning and s ee The Reverend Brother What’s his Face. But where does it stop? Will the church ever stop trying to brain wash us â€Å"heathens† into belief? ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Christian Propaganda from our professional essay writing service.

Interview Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interview - Case Study Example on suffering mental illness; a summary of the findings and concise note using the subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP) format with each patients encountered findings. The essay also provides some examples to support the findings. First, Psychiatric history: this refers to the mental profile of the patient. It involves critical information about the patient’s chief complaint, their present illness, any psychological ailments they have made before or in the onset as well as after the mental illness (Hughes, & Kleespies, 2002). In this stage, more specific and closed ended questions could be asked during the assessment process so that the details of the patient’s illness or rather their profiles can be obtained. For instance, a patient who responds that, â€Å"I am just depressed.† Can be engaged further in questing through asking leading questions like, how long has the depression been? How often has the situation been? Or how long has this taken? Questions as such enable an in-depth understanding of the patient thus enabling a good history assessment of the mentally ill patient. Secondly: medical history of the patient. This is medically understood as the patient’s past and evens the present and future that may communicate information relevant for their future, present and past health (Hughes, & Kleespies, 2002). It is an account of all the medical problems and events that an individual has experienced. It also includes other medical facts and treatments or injuries that an individual has been through. As much as possible, they are taken in the patient’s own words. The drugs taken, past and present hobbies use of alcoholics as well as an exhaustive survey of any symptoms that may not have been covered in the patient. This medical history is an important part of the health assessment of a patient with mental illness. The 41 year old woman complaining of restlessness, little need for sleep, racing thoughts, inability to concentrate, alcohol

Child Birth Booth Camp Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Child Birth Booth Camp - Research Paper Example The class was headed by a rather experienced instructor in medical field and childbirth in particular. The instructor was a well-trained, long-term nurse and a catholic doula whose name was Rosemary Antunes. She was a mother of eight and a grandmother of six Rosemary was a graduate of St. Francis Hospital School of Nursing, and said that she has over thirty years of experience as a Registered Nurse. In addition, she said that she had served as the school Nurse at Christendom College. Apart from these, she has also served labor and delivery sector at Fauquier Hospital with extensive experience in variety of settings. She informed us that she first became interested in working as a delivery nurse because of her mother. From the experiences she gained from her mother’s deliveries, she told us that giving birth a great moment in a woman’s life especially first timer and is therefore very important to treat women with kindness and respect through the entire process of concep tion to birth. Her philosophy has been to promote life among mothers and their children by helping them give birth safely. She offers teachings on the same in two area hospitals. She has also worked as a certified doula, offering personalized support and encouragement to women in labor. The class started around 9 am and ended at 5 pm. In the class, topics relating to pregnancy and childbirth were taught. Discussions on the same were conducted with the aim of equipping first time expectant mothers and their partners with knowledge and information on how to handle childbirth. The class constituted various practices. Comfort was ensured to allow healthy stay and learning especially given the much time allocated for all the lessons. The majority of the learners were Caucasian couples with the exception of one African American couple in the classroom. During the introduction the male participants were asked to introduce their partners, many referred to them as their wives whereas others

Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model Assignment - 1

Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model - Assignment Example With this exponential increase in the numbers of the aged, there also arises the dire need to age relevant physical activities that will assist them age well and in good health. This is where the Roy’s adaptation model can come in swiftly and handy too. Nursing theories are useful in framing, explaining or defining the provision of nursing care (Kelly, 2011, 24). The Roy’s adaptation model of nursing, a useful nursing theory, was developed in 1976 by Sister Callista Roy after she was challenged as a graduate student by Dorothy E. Johnson (a member of the faculty) to come up with a conceptual model for nursing practice. Basically regarded a system’s model, the Roy’s adaptation model regards the person as a set of intertwined biological, social and psychological functions in which the person in question endears to achieve a healthy balance between these systems and the environment (Kelly, 2011, 67). The model however reckons that there will never be an absolute level of balance but rather the person is to try and live in a way that allows him/ her to adequately cope/ adapt (Kelly, 2011, 72). The Roy’s adaptation model which involves a six-step nursing procedure basically entails four domain concepts of person, health, environment and nursing. In the model, person may be used to refer to people as individuals or in groups such as families, organizations, communities and the larger society. The person, functioning as a unity for some purpose, is an adaptive system described as a whole entailing entities and a bio-psycho-social being in incessant interaction with the varying environment. The person, as enshrined in the model, uses innate and acquired methods to adapt to the environment. The person is the adaptive system (Willis, Grace & Roy, 2008, 31). Adaptation is described under the Roy’s model as a positive response to environmental changes. Adaptation is the goal of nursing in the model and

Change Management Proposal For Parkway Nursing Care Management Essay

Change Management Proposal For Parkway Nursing Care Management Essay Park way nursing is also a business and, like every other business, it needs good management to keep it running smoothly. .The occupation, medical and health services manager encompasses all individuals who plan, direct, coordinate, and supervise the delivery of healthcare. Medical and health services managers include specialists and generalists. Specialists are in charge of specific clinical departments or services, while generalists manage or help to manage an entire facility or system. The structure and financing of healthcare is changing rapidly. Future medical and health services managers must be prepared to deal with evolving integrated healthcare delivery systems, technological innovations, an increasingly complex regulatory environment, restructuring of work, and an increased focus on preventive care. They will be called upon to improve efficiency in healthcare facilities and the quality of the healthcare provided. Increasingly, medical and health services managers will work in organizations in which they must optimize efficiency of a variety of interrelated services. The healthcare professions all involve life and death situations. In these situations, quality is crucial and quantity is irrelevant, Health care is continually changing in the way health care professionals like individual practitioners and clinical managers organize and deliver care to the patients. For this reason, health care knowledge must continuously grow and expand to keep health care approaches relevant, current and appropriate. Without new knowledge, health care professionals cannot improve techniques for therapies and even management. 2 Survey Results: Survey results suggesting that No of patients going up but the staff members quantity are still the same. The staff member having plenty of problems like injuries, incidents, absences. Lots of this problem indicates that AI is not good for the company. Hospital nurse staffing is a matter of major concern because of the effects it can have on patient safety and quality of care, members are worried because management only focuses on expand the business, but they couldnt able to balance the ratio between staff member and patients. If the management doesnt able to manage staff properly then the problem comes. The concern is certain things cant calculate like caring of the patients, feelings, help, and relationship etc. The management should be develops service unit goals; identifies, plans, and coordinates new programs; reviews policy and procedure manuals to assure that they are current; provides expert nursing consultation to staff, patients and public; monitors and evaluates patient c are for ethical, legal, and safe conduct; ensures proper and safe functioning of unit equipment and promotes individual and environmental safety; resolves patient care problems and provides direct patient care. The Nurse Manager makes final decisions regarding operations of work unit and defers to an administrative superior regarding policy decisions with broad impact or agency-wide scope. Problems Identification: Parkway having sufficient problem with staffing injuries, patients satisfaction, communication, absences, incidents with patients, many staff are dissatisfied with their jobs, shifting problem, stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc the most common problem are followsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Staffing Parkway focuses on filling the beds. Quality and service drop Staff and patients injuries Communication No of patients are increases but no extra staff. No Increment no bonus. Physical Demand Need to recruit strong new staff who can lift the patients easily Female nurses troubling to lift male patients Able to push the Beds, gurneys, and wheelchairs Communicate face to face with individuals Read, write, speak and understand the English language Documentation: (Electronic) Government requirement Staff has to learn new things A medical record should accurately reflect Electronic health records systems can also provide additional functionality, such as interactive alerts to clinicians, interactive flow sheets, and tailored order sets, all of which cant be done be done with paper-based systems. Training Focus on filling beds: Shortages of staff but no of patients increase Management always need big business Not enough motivation Not enough staff Change Management Strategy: Any nature of business employees is a most important assets; this is why they created the Human Resource department. Its purpose is to manage, train and look after the workers of the business. It is also their responsibility to implement health and safety legislation at work and look after the employees. There are many roles that this department manages; these ultimately help the business to achieve its objectives. These include: Manpower planning. Recruitment and selection. Induction and training. Promotion and transfers Appraisal and termination of employment Rewards and conditions of employment. Working conditions. Career development and welfare. Wage bargaining and disputes. An effective and efficient business manages their employees or human resources well. The better this is done, the more the workers will be happier, better motivated, more productive and more responsive. Forms of resistance Leadership must come from the top level. Not enough staff against increase patient staff has to work long hours. Focus in the profit never increase staff position can worse. Documentation (Electronic) old staff using manual, if you go for new electronic system the old staff do not want to use new system. Patient staff injuries Absents . Resistance in Parkway People feel unsecure with their job. People not willing to take on additional responsibilities Lack of communication with management. Nurses not willing to let go of the bond that they have developed with the patients. Overcoming the resistances Improve the working environment. Train new people (if recruit new staff) and current staff too. Implement documentation (electronic) Communicate with the current employee thats if they start new training is good for them once they know job is safe for them resistance ratio will come down. Try to reduce injury to patients as well as staff. Motivation Implementation : Our methods use several basic principles. You are always the leader we only facilitate. When facilitating, demonstrating and teaching we use examples from our personal experience. If an exercise or workshop is needed you do not perform theoretical exercises. You will use actual live situations in your own organization. Here are some of the exercises that can be used in Leadership Implementation: Survey: You identify the areas which will get affected by change in the implementation in the first step. We conduct a survey that will reveal to you the size of challenge you face in implementation. It includes essential information for successful implementation: identification of positive/negative attitudes that will help or hinder critical tasks to make it happen, milestones that must be met and much other data for a successful plan. Breakthrough: This exercise focuses you on the one or two key elements that block the implementation. Once identified, we help you break through the blocks so that the implementation proceeds smoothly and quickly Start Event: This facilitated event is designed to communicate your message and the essential steps for a successful implementation. The audience is all the people that will implement or be affected by the process. The feeling of commitment out of this event is profound and without parallel in conventional training. Strategy Event: Strategy for implementation is required at many different levels. There is the overall master strategy. There are also mini-strategies within it. The most important are the many mini-strategies that departments, work-groups and individuals must use to adapt from their current state to the new process. The techniques used in this event make sure that they are comprehensive, pertinent to the master strategy, and truly implementable. Change Event: Most people are familiar with the Change Curve that describes the inevitable emotional reactions people experience before they finally accept and embrace a change. But how to straighten it? Or how to compress it? Whatever analogy you use, the techniques used here help people move through the Change Curve as quickly as possible. This accelerates the benefit of the implementation Communication Plan: A well executed communication plan is critical to the success of a new project. These techniques help you identify what must be communicated, how, the audience and the best methods. Executive Coaching: One of our central competencies is Executive Coaching. It covers CEOs and all other executive levels. What sets our method apart is its focus on rapid results. Senior executives do not have time for multiple-year codependent therapy-like coaching relationships. The market environment rewards or punishes quarterly. Our method is attuned to this requirement for speed. The above examples are illustrative of some of our Leadership Implementation services. They can be used singly, such as Executive Coaching, or in combination for a full-fledged implementation of a new process, project, program or corporate culture change. Our Facilitators are experienced, trained and sensitive to the dynamics of group meetings. Their participation in your implementation will help you achieve optimum results fast. Implement your project by contacting us at the phone, e-mail or address below. Creating a leadership strategy: Strategic leadership provides the vision, direction, the purpose for growth, and context for the success of the corporation. It also initiates outside-the-box thinking to generate future growth. Strategic leadership is not about micromanaging business strategies. Rather, it provides the umbrella under which businesses devise appropriate strategies and create value. Review the business strategy Leaders play a critical role during change implementation, the period from the announcement of change through the installation of the change. During this middle period the organization is the most unstable, characterized by confusion, fear, loss of direction, reduced productivity, and lack of clarity about direction and mandate. It can be a period of emotionalism, with employees grieving for what is lost, and initially unable to look to the future. In addition to forecast and amiability, the characteristics that leader must have are ability to recognize employees talents, the know-how to make teams work and an open mind. Leadership does vary to some extent as per the positions i.e. it may be slight different for manager and different for a union leader but the basic qualities of leadership does not change. 1. Good communication skill Communication is the key to be a great leader. The reason for this is simple: if he possesses the other nine leadership qualities but if he fails to communicate well, he will never be great leader. What he can do is communicate with others in the organization about what IT can do to move the company forward. In other words, good communication is the key for developing good business relationships. If he cant establish a good business working communicate how IT can add long-term value to the company. The modern leaders must therefore be equipped with good communication skill and use new ways to do effective communication. 2. Honesty The most valuable asset of a leader is honesty. He must be honest with both his employees and the management committee. Another part of his features is integrity. Once a leader compromises his or her integrity, it is lost. That is perhaps the reason integrity is considered the most admirable trait. The leaders therefore must keep it above all else. 3. Visionary outlook Leadership qualities are different for different position. For a CIO he must be thinking for stabilizing the current business and always looking for future scope of expansion. He has to be able to look beyond where we are today, know where the business is going, and be able to use that vision to move the company forward. Being able to do this is a rare skill indeed. 4. Selectingagoodteam A good CIO although he possesses sound technical skills he assures that the team he selects is efficient enough to back up any skill he lacks. Choosing the best people for such team is a skill. A CIO after all is a human being and does not have answer for everything. But by working together he creates an atmosphere of mutual trust and respect; the team then always find the best solution. 5. Action speaks louder than words Managers must be able to put aside their concerns to listen to (and appear to listen to) those around them. As a result, they come know what is going on, and know what is both said, and said between the lines. They have the knack of appearing to know what people need even if those needs are not expressed directly. However, knowing what is going on, and identifying the needs of those around them is not sufficient. The responsive manager also acts upon that knowledge, attempting to help fulfill the needs of employees, superiors, etc. Responsive managers wield influence to solve problems for those around them, often before even being asked. 6. Ability to motivate people around a good leader must always keep motivating his team mates for good work and should maintain healthy environment. He must give first priority to safety of workers and see that they are not exploited by superiors. 7. Consistency Leadership effectiveness is impossible without consistency. Every leader has an approach that is unique to them. Dont change your personal style radically after all; it got you in a leadership position. Modify the rough spots but take care not to confound your staff by displaying inconsistency. Your expectations, though subject to modification based on ever-changing business needs, should remain as constant as possible. The business world is confusing enough without you adding unwelcome surprises into the mix. Keep things simple and consistent. 8. Ability to stand against critics as the success rate increases your critics multiply and become louder. Come to peace with the fact that you will always have a camp of people who critique every decision you make. They are generally the ones who are excellent problem-identifiers rather than problem-solvers. Develop your skills of repelling such critics so that they do not diminish your confidence or enthusiasm. It takes focus and confidence not to be adversely affected by criticism. Strong leaders learn the art of listening to critics, but ultimately making decisions for the good of the department, not to simply please the critics. Identify the driver of strategy Management should introduce different types of elements. Focuses on customer. More opportunity Improvement Assess current leadership situation compare to the desired future In current leadership situation in Park way asking following quotations What leadership skills and perspectives are critical for success now and in the future? How strong are current leaders in these critical skills and perspectives? How aligned is todays leadership strength with what will be the most important skill and perspectives in the future? Desire future in Parkwayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Change of environment Strong leadership Solution for staff Communication Recruitment and training Security Growth Recommended leadership style There are many kind of leadership style à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.some are as follows Autocratic leadership Bureaucratic leadership Charismatic leadership Democratic leadership or participative leadership Laissez-faire leadership People-oriented leadership or relations-oriented leadership Servant leadership Task-Oriented leadership Transactional leadership Transformational leadership For Parkway recommended leadership style should be Charismatic leadership because Parkway having a serious problem with communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Charismatic leadership style can seem similar to transformational leadership, because these leaders inspire lots of enthusiasm in their teams and are very energetic in driving others forward. However, charismatic leaders can tend to believe more in themselves than in their teams, and this creates a risk that a project, or even an entire organization, might collapse if the leader leaves. In the eyes of the followers, success is directly connected to the presence of the charismatic leader. As such, charismatic leadership carries great responsibility, and it needs a long-term commitment from the leader. Leader behaviors of Home Directors Behavioral theories focus on how leaders behaveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Common Behaviors are: (1) Creating a leadership platform; (2) Becoming the principal-learner and principal-teacher about leadership (3) Affirming and teaching the powerful roles of organizational beliefs, vision, and Mission. (4) Leading and modeling reciprocity of accountability (5) Building collegiality around problems of practice (6) Emulating the actions of successful coaches (7) Developing the cultural understanding and affirmation that leadership and growth bring discomfort. (8) Developing a sense of professionalism throughout the organization consistent with professionalism as demonstrated in and expected of other learned professions. Leadership behavior of supervisor: THE SUPERVISORS ROLE Supervisors have a general legal duty to take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances to protect workers. In addition, they have the following specific duties outlined in the Act and regulations. Supervisors must be familiar with the provisions of the Occupational Health and Safety. Supervisors must be knowledgeable about potential or actual health and safety hazards in the workplace and advice workers about these hazards. Supervisors must ensure that equipment; materials and protective devices required by regulation are provided to workers and maintained in good condition. Supervisors must ensure that workers follow workplace procedures and use protective equipment required by the University or by any applicable regulations. Supervisors must provide information, instruction and supervision to a worker to protect the health or safety of the worker. Supervisors must ensure that subordinate supervisors have or acquire knowledge of the Supervisors must ensure that an up-to-date inventory is maintained of all designated substances, hazardous materials and hazardous physical agents present in the workplace. Supervisors must ensure that all hazardous materials present in the workplace are identified and labeled. Supervisors must ensure that material safety data sheets are readily available for all hazardous materials present in the workplace. Supervisors must ensure that workers exposed to a hazardous material or hazardous physical agent receive and participate in prescribed instruction and training. Supervisors must ensure hazardous materials present in the workplace are disposed of in the manner prescribed by University procedures and applicable regulations. In the case of a workplace injury, supervisors must ensure that prompt medical attention is provided and must report the circumstances of the injury to the Office of Environmental Health and Safety within 24 hours. Job Stress in Parkway: Workplace stress is the harmful physical and emotional response that occurs when there is a poor match between job demands and the capabilities, resources, or needs of the worker. arly Warning Signs that coping with workplace stress is becoming difficult for an employee are Headache, Upset stomach, Sleep problems, Irritability and short temper, Difficulty in concentrating, Job dissatisfaction, Low morale, etc Source of Stress Job stress comes in many different forms and affects your body in various ways. Minor sources of stress may include equipment that wont work or phones that wont quit ringing. Major stress comes from having too much work, not having enough work, doing work that is unfulfilling, fearing a job layoff, or not getting along with your boss. Usually it is the major sources of stress that lead to burnout, causing people to become unhappy and less productive in their work. Job stress can affect your health and home life as well. Low levels of stress may not be noticeable; slightly higher levels can be positive and challenge you to act in creative and resourceful ways; and high levels can be harmful, contributing to chronic disease. According to the NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health), these are job conditions that may lead to stressà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The design of tasks. Heavy workload, infrequent rest breaks, long work hours and shift work; hectic and routine tasks that have little inherent meaning, do not utilize workers skills, and provide little sense of control. Management style. Lack of participation by workers in decision-making, poor communication in the organization and lack of family-friendly policies. Interpersonal relationships. Poor social environment and lack of support or help from coworkers or supervisors. Work roles. Conflicting or uncertain job expectations, too much responsibility, too many hats to wear. Career concerns. Job insecurity and lack of opportunity for growth, advancement, or promotion; rapid changes for which workers are unprepared. Environmental conditions. Unpleasant or dangerous physical conditions such as crowding, noise, air pollution, or ergonomic problems. Action Require: Control: This factor is the most closely related to job stress. Studies show that workers who believe that they have a great deal of responsibility but little control or decision-making power in their jobs are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and other stress-related illnesses. Increased responsibilities. Giving on additional responsibilities to the staff job can be stressful. This can be worse if your staff have too much work to do and they are unable to say no to new tasks or projects. Competence. Are your staffs concerned about their ability to perform well? Are they challenged enough, but not too much? Do your staff feel secure in their job? Job insecurity is a major source of stress for many people. Clarity. Feeling uncertain about what their duties are, how they may be changing, or what your departments or organizations goals are can lead to stress. Communication. Workplace tension often results from poor communication, which in turn increases job stress. An inability to express your concerns, frustrations, or other emotions can also lead to increased stress. Support. Feeling unsupported by to your staff may make it harder to resolve other problems at work that are causing them stress. Significance. If your staff dont find their job meaningful or take pride in it, they may find it stressful. Stress Management plan- Emotional stress usually occurs in situations people consider difficult or challenging. Different people consider different situations to be stressful. Physical stress refers to a physical reaction of the body to various triggers. The pain experienced after surgery is an example of physical stress. Physical stress often leads to emotional stress, and emotional stress often occurs as physical stress (e.g., stomach cramps). About to reduce stress of staff Parkway should follow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Improve environment Organize get to gather for staff Celebration Laughter Time management Some form of physical exercise Sharing and connecting with your support network on a regular basis Attention to good diet and healthy nutrition Regular time set aside on a daily basis to unwind relax A repertoire of leisure activities Regular sleep and rest Some employers assume that stressful working conditions are a necessary evil-that companies must turn up the pressure on workers and set aside health concerns to remain productive and profitable in todays economy. But research findings challenge this belief. Studies show that stressful working conditions are actually associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have negative effects on the bottom line. Conclusion: A nurse is someone who basically takes care of the people. They are in charge of the welfare of their patients who are recovering from sickness and disease. They work with a health team which specializes on this matter. They are usually tasked to work with a doctor to ensure the proper medication and care is given to their patients. Since nurses are a part of the medical team, they too can work in the research field. They can contribute to the existing knowledge about nursing. Of course, nursing is also a science and nurses just do not do what the doctor tells them to do. Research s something which should be done continuously, so working in the research field is always in demand. Nurses are the workhorses of any hospital or health care facility. They are the ones who care for the patient taking vital signs, recording symptoms, giving medicine, bathing and comforting, moving the patient from place to place, and making sure the patient is getting everything that is needed to help them get well. Some nurses can prescribe certain medications, just like doctors. Nowadays, you are more likely to receive medical care from a nurse than from a doctor, since nearly all doctors offices have nurse practitioners who can do almost anything the doctor would do. Implicit rationing of nursing care is an important newly identified organizational variable reflecting processes in acute care nursing and appears to be directly linked to patient outcomes. Rationing offers promise as a measure of the impacts of staffing and the quality of the nurse practice environment on patient outcomes. As an indicator of the understudied processes of care affected by organizational conditions in hospitals, measures of rationing could assist in building theory in this area of outcomes research. Rationing levels, analyzed alongside other data, may help health systems and hospitals determine the minimum staffing and skill mix levels necessary to achieve desired patient outcomes and inform administrative decisions and policy.

The Inspirational Jane Eyre :: Jane Eyre Essays

The Inspirational Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Eyre is the main character in the novel named Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. She is but a fictional character, and in our hearts she will stay. This incredible lady in her beloved story has carried on through the centuries to inspire all its readers. Jane is a cherished woman with whom everyone can find a bit of themselves in.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The captivating character of Jane Eyre was created in the mid 1800's by an awe-inspiring writer by the name of Charlotte Bronte. This enchanting woman was nothing short of amazing. She was one of the first ever female writers, and she wrote a story about a strong lady. This bit of history allows us to look at Jane Eyre as a liberator. She was a very strong woman in the days that women were not allowed to be self-reliant. Jane had a way about her that demanded attention. She was very shy and introspective, yet her sheer presence was enough to demand attention for all men. Jane captivated the hearts of many older men. She began with her uncle, Mr. Reed. He was a gentleman who cared for his own children, but when Jane lost both of her parents he was quick to take her in as his own. Mrs. Reed only would say that he pitied her, but we all know there was more. She enchanted the lives of Mr. Rochester and St. John. Both men, in or near there thirties, proposed her twice. She accepted both of Mr. Rochester 's proposals. She also did something remarkable; she refused St. John's proposals of marriage. Jane Eyre was a very special woman of her time.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane's life story is greatly admired by women around the world due to the nature of her character. She searches for love and acceptance and she finds it in every place she is. Even though Mrs. Reed did not accept her in the time she went back she made a friend of Mrs. Eyre's daughter, Elise. Jane also found acceptance in the harsh Mr. Rochester, and the unwilling household of St. John. She was always taken in her lowest hour and raised up to a great triumph later. While at St. John's she found the family in whom she had searched.

Escalating Costs of Social Health Insurance Essay

Unlike any other country in the world, the United States continually experience rising cost of healthcare provision. Wolfe (1999) reports that healthcare costs has been increasing at a high rate for decades, it is estimated that every 40 months, the share of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) spent on healthcare goes up by 1 percent. Health expenditure which stood at 12. 3 percent of GDP in 1990 increased to 16. 0 percent of GDP in 2006 and is projected to reach 20 percent in the next 7 years. Between 2005 and 2006 alone, healthcare spending increased by 6. 7 percent, exceeding nominal GDP growth by 0. 6 percent, to a whooping $2. 1 trillion, representing an estimated $7,000 spending per person (Kuttner 2008; Catlin et al 2008). Various factors including inflation, aging population and advances in medical technology has been indicted as been responsible for the global increase in health expenditures, however, the American situation appears to be peculiar. Kuttner (2008) contends that the proliferation of new technologies, poor diet, lack of exercise, the tendency for supply (physicians, hospitals, tests, pharmaceuticals, medical devices, and novel treatments) to generate demand and the culture of the American litigation, resulting in excessive malpractice litigations and the practice of defensive medicine, all adds together to ensure that the country experiences the largest and fastest growth in health expenditures, while at the same time, defeating efforts at cost containments. Like every other developed country, health insurance systems, especially social health insurance systems constitute the primarily methods of health financing (Carrin and James, 2004). This arrangement ensures that most of the cost of healthcare are paid by third parties, either through public establishments, as in social (public) health insurance systems, or by private bodies, as in private health insurance system, or in some cases, a mixture of both (Wolfe, 1999). The mixture of private and social health insurance is present in almost every country, with variations in their coverage. While in most European countries, social health insurance is deeply ingrained in societal fabric and provides the largest source of funding and insurance coverage (Saltman, 2004), the vast majority of Americans receive their health insurance coverage through employer based private insurance, with the rest of the country covered by any of the several public health insurance programs (Glover et al 2003). It is estimated that employer private health insurance covers approximately 63 percent of the population, with 51 percent of these amount covered by their own employers, while the remaining 41 percent are covered as a worker’s dependent; 14 percent are covered by public programs, 5 percent covered by individual insurance policies while an estimated 17 percent of the population are uncovered by any insurance (Devi, 2005). Medicare is largely regarded as the primary national (social) health insurance program in the United States, providing coverage for an estimated 44 million Americans over the age of 65. It is also estimated that Medicare provides health insurance coverage for about 7 million Americans under the age of 65 who have a disability or chronic condition (Fact Sheet, 2007). Social health insurance is a vital part of any country’s health care and health financing program, in some part of Europe, there is a general contention that social health insurance is not just an insurance arrangement, but a ‘way of life’, they are seen as a part of a social incomes policy that seek to redistribute wealth and health risk evenly amongst the population, however, the rising costs of these systems, not just in the United States but across the modern world, threatens the system. Before an analysis of the costs and factors driving costs of social health insurance systems, especially in America and in other European countries, it is important to first briefly describe the underlying principles of the social health insurance system and its difference from the private health insurance programs. This will be followed by a description of the United States Medicare program and some social health insurance programs in selected European countries and then a look at the costs of these programs. Steps taken towards cutting costs of the social insurance programs and the differences in cost cutting approaches between the United States and European Union countries will be examined. Lastly, future approaches that could help ameliorate the financial challenges facing the United States public insurance programs shall be recommended. Social Health Insurance Social health insurance, in its basic principle, in any society achieves a set of societal objectives through its peculiar form of financial cross subsidies, which covers redistribution from the healthy to the ill, from the well off to the less well off, from the young to the old and from the individual to the family. This redistributive focus of any social health insurance program distinguishes it from what is nominally regarded as insurance, thus, in several societies, it entrenches solidarity, income redistribution and is thus seen as a ‘key part of a broader structure of social security and income support that sits at the heart of civil society’ (Saltman, 2004:5) Saltman and Dubois (2004) contend that although Germany is considered the source of the modern day form of social health insurance, when it codified existing voluntary structures into compulsory state supervised legislation in 1883, the history of social health insurance (SHI) dates back longer to the medieval guilds in the late Middle Ages. However, they agreed that the structure and organization of SHI over time has considerably evolved; the number of people covered has increased from a small number of workers in particular trades to a larger portion of the population, the central concept SHI has evolved from wage replacement a death benefit into payment for and or provision of outpatient physician services, inpatient hospital care and drugs; thirdly, the administrative structure of SHI has also evolved from cooperative workers association to state mandated legislative character, beginning with Germany in 1883 and the most recent, 1996 in Switzerland. Structurally, social health insurance everywhere possesses three common characteristics. Social health insurance programs are administered privately in both funding and in the provision of health services; as a result of their private administration, social health programs are self regulating, and lastly, as a consequence of their independence and self regulation, social health insurance programs are relatively stable, both in organizational and financial terms (Saltman, 2004). As a fall out of these structural characteristics, social health insurance posses several core components that differentiate them from private health insurance programs. Under SHI, the raising of funds is tied to income of beneficiaries, usually in the form of a transparent and fixed percentage of wages. As a result, contributions are risk independent and thus encourage maximal risk pooling. Also, collection and administration of revenues for the program are handled by not-for-profit and sometimes, state run funds and these funds are usually managed by board members that are usually representative and elected. The United States Medicare program posses most or all of the characteristics of a social health insurance program. For over 40 years, the program has successfully provided healthcare access for the elderly and millions of people with disability. It is regarded as the nation’s single largest health insurance program and it covers a wide range of the society for a broad range of health services. For example, Potetz (2008) report that one out of ever five dollars spent on healthcare in 2006 came through the Medicare program. The program is also reported to fund, at least, one third of all hospital stays, nationally. In most European countries too, national, public (social) health insurance programs reportedly covers a large proportion of the population, in most cases, reaching up to 100 percent coverage. Saltman and others (2004) reports that in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland and from 1995, Israel, all have health insurance systems where (public) social health programs plays predominant roles in organization and funding of health care services, where between 60 to 100 percent of the population are mandatorily covered. They further argue that even countries like Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom, Greece and Portugal that have a tax funded National Health Service schemes, segments of SHI based healthcare funding also exists. Explaining the difference between social health insurance programs and private health insurance, Thomson and Mossialos (2004) contend that private health insurance play very insignificant role in the health systems of several European countries, either in terms of funding or access to healthcare. Unlike in the United States where more than 60 percent of the population are covered by private employer based insurance, private health insurance programs covers a relatively small proportion of the population and accounts for less than 5 percent of the total health spending, with the exception of France, Germany and the Netherlands. The most common difference between social and private health insurance includes eligibility, risk pooling and benefits. For social health insurance programs, contributions are mostly based on a fixed or varying proportion of wages, without regard for risks, thus a wider proportion of the people are eligible and benefits i. e. health services offered are broader with less out of pocket costs (Thomson and Mossialos, 2004; Saltman 2004). For private health insurance, the reverse is the case in most situations. Especially in for-profit private health insurance systems, contributions are adjusted according to risks and for the most part high risks individuals are rejected or expected to pay higher premiums. Consequently, eligibility requirements are strict; out of pocket expenses might be higher, while services provided vary significantly across programs, depending on an array of factors. Depending on the generally functions and services offered by private health insurance, the relation to social health insurance can be substitutive, complementary or supplementary. Substitutive private health insurance programs provides insurance covers that is otherwise available from the public programs purchased by individuals or groups who are excluded from the SHI. The larger proportion of the US society is excluded from the public insurance programs, which are usually available to the elderly, the disabled or the very poor, the rest of the population must rely on private employer based insurance. However, in European countries with effective SHI, only certain individuals with income above a certain upper threshold are excluded from the public insurance program e. g. in Netherlands and Germany, while the rest of the population are eligible. Complementary private health insurance programs provide cover for services not fully covered by the SHI programs or totally excluded, the Medicare + Choice plans is an example of such covers. Lastly, supplementary private health insurance provides cover for faster access and also increased consumer choices for individuals who can afford it (Thomson and Mossialos, 2004). Eligibility and Coverage  The United States Medicare program is essentially for the elderly, thus, individuals are eligible for Medicare coverage if they are citizens of the United States or have been a permanent legal resident for five continues years and over 65 years old. Individuals younger than 65 years of age can also be eligible for Medicare coverage if they are disabled and have been on the Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) or the Railroad Retirement Board benefits for a period of two years. Further, individuals with end state renal disease (ESRD) or Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) known as Lou Gehrig’s disease also qualifies for Medicare coverage. However, many people with disability do not qualify for SSDI benefits and by extension, Medicare. To qualify for these benefits, disabled individuals must have a family member under age 65 who have a work history which included Federal Income Contribution Act tax (FICA), an individual may also qualifies for SSDI on the FICA contributions of a parent as a Childhood Disability Beneficiary (CDB) or as a disabled spouse of a deceased spouse. Whichever qualification route applicable, an individual qualifies for Medicare two years after he/she starts receiving the SSDI benefits, except for the Lou Gehrig’s disease where Medicare benefits starts in the first month SSDI payments are received or in the case of the ESRD where Medicare benefits starts within three months of the first dialysis (Fact Sheet, 2007). As of 2007, it is estimated that Medicare provides cover and health services to about 43 million Americans. This figure is expected to double to 77 million by 2031 when the baby boomers of the post World War II period start to retire. However, as mentioned previously, SHI in European countries offer universal coverage that is mandatory in some countries. Coverage for these countries varies from 63 percent in Netherlands to 100 percent coverage in France, Israel and Switzerland. In most of these countries, it is usually the highest income groups that are either allowed or required by law to leave the social health programs for private health insurance (Saltman, 2004:7). Benefits Benefits for Medicare members have continually been modified. The original program has two parts, Medicare Part A and part B. The Part A program known as Hospital Insurance, covers hospital stays with stays in skilled nursing facilities for limited periods if certain qualifying criteria are met. Such criteria include the length of hospital stay, which most be three days, at least, excluding the discharge day and stay in skilled nursing facility must be for conditions diagnosed during the hospitalization. Medicare Part A allows up to a maximum of 100day stay in skilled nursing facilities, with the first 20 days completely paid for by Medicare and the remaining 80days paid in part and requiring a co-payment from the beneficiary. The Medicare Part B covers services and products not covered by Part A, but on an outpatient basis. The benefits under this coverage includes physician and nursing services, laboratory diagnostic tests, influenza and pneumonia vaccinations x-rays and blood transfusions. Other services include renal dialysis, outpatient hospital procedures, Immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients, chemotherapy, limited ambulance transportation and other outpatient medical treatments carried out in a physician’s office. This coverage, to some extent, also includes medical equipments like walkers, wheelchairs and mobility scooters for individuals with mobility problems, while prosthetic devices, such as breast prosthesis after mastectomy or eye glasses after cataract surgery are also covered. The recently added Part C and D of the Medicare benefits slightly deviate from the original Medicare concept. After the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 came into effect, Medicare beneficiaries were allowed the option of receiving their Medicare benefits through private health insurance plans if they do not want to go through the original Medicare plans. These became known as Medicare + Choice as beneficiaries could choose any private health insurance plans and have it paid for by Medicare. The Medicare + Choice or Part C arrangement later became known as the Medicare Advantage Plan after the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 came into effect. The Part D plan, on the other hand, covers mainly prescription drugs and anyone in the original Plan A or B is eligible for this plan. However, in other to receive the benefits of the Plan D, a beneficiary must enroll and be approved for a Stand-alone Prescription Drug Plan (PDP) or Medicare Advantage plan with prescription drug coverage (MA-PD). However, because Plan D is effectively operated by private health insurance companies, there are no standardized benefits, like the plan A and B; the private insurance companies could choose to cover some drugs or classes of drugs and not cover others, with the exception of drugs excluded from Medicare coverage. Beneficiaries are therefore restricted to the drugs coverage of the plans they choose (Merlis, 2008; Potetz, 2008). Contributions towards Social Health Insurance Medicare financing, like social health insurance everywhere, is financed through a complex mix of taxes, contributions, co-payments and the likes. The most important source of financing for the Medicare expenditures is through the payroll tax imposed by the Federal Insurance Contributions Act and the Self-Employment Contributions Act of 1954, while other sources of financing includes general revenue through income taxes, a tax on Social Security benefits, and payments from states required for the Medicare drug benefits which started in 2006. In addition to these, beneficiaries also contribute directly to Medicare financing through premiums, deductibles and co-insurance. It is reported that income cases, physician do charge beneficiaries an additional out-of -pocket ‘balance billing’ to cover for services rendered (Potetz, 2008). The federal payroll taxes are paid by the working population or by the beneficiaries throughout their work history. The tax equals 2. 9 percent of gross wages, with half (1. 45 percent) deducted from the worker’s salary and the other half paid by the employer. Initially, there was a ceiling on the maximum amount any single person can contribute; however, beginning from 1994, the maximum limit was removed. Self employed people who do not have an employer to cover the other half of their taxes are mandated by law to pay the full 2. 9 percent of their estimated earnings. However, the contributions from the beneficiaries vary considerably depending on the plan and also range from premiums, deductibles, co-payments or in some cases, the balance billing mentioned previously.

Compare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx

Compare and Contrast the Philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Karl Marx In the idea of human nature; origin of state, the nature of government, the rights of regulation can be drawn as the reflection of insightful philosophies of John Locke, Thomas Hobbes and Karl Marx. By understanding this within the context of human nature, we can see their ideas play to how they perceive a modern philosophy. Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto illustrates the desire to build "a society without economic classes". John Locke's Political Theory claims the establishment of natural rights which will assist protest against unjust rulers. Thomas Hobbes's most famous publication, the "Leviathan" defines a government which unifies the collective will of many individual and unites them under the authority of sovereign power. Although the three philosophers desire the same result through their theories, its practices and use have indicated that there are difference and similarities both present. All are saying that there should be absolute government, but their areas of specializat ion are different.English: Thomas Hobbes ÐÅ"Ð °Ã ºÃ µÃ ´Ã ¾Ã ½Ã' Ã ºÃ ¸: Ð ¢Ã ¾Ã¯ ¿ ½...Karl Marx and Thomas Hobbes both agreed on the theory of collectivism over individualism. Marx is more quantitative and calculative in his reasoning, while Hobbes's theories are based on natural laws. The contradiction between Marx's and Hobbes's concepts of material wealth is that -"Modern society view men to compete with each other for material goods and that is just. Humans do not live in isolation but work to achieve together a society that turns a blind eye to what is alienating man from his nature" (Marx). On the other hand, Hobbes argued that "Rights of liberty, property can be transferred from one person to another by means of legal contract. Human beings are naturally selfish, therefore they are always in the state of conflict of 'war' with each other, unless they are forced to obey a sovereign authority or governing power." Though, differences between the...

Robert Peary essays

Robert Peary essays Robert E. Peary was an explorer who lived between 1856 and 1920. He explored the North Pole after two failed attempts. He was also a native of Cresson, Pennsylvania and was born on May 6, 1856. Peary was educated at Bowdoin College, which is located in Brunswick, Maine, than served in the U.S. Navy as a civil engineer for several years in Before Peary made it to the North Pole, he made a few other discoveries. Such as the discovery in 1891 when he proved that Greenland was an Island, not a continent. This particular discovery came into effect from a prior trip to Greenland in 1886, which interested him in under-taking further expeditions to explore Arctic Regions. While on these expeditions he discovered and named Independence Bay on the north east coast of Greenland on July 4, 1892. During the years 1893 and 1897 he made many more important scientific discoveries that he published in a book in 1898 called Northward over the Great Ice. Pearys first attempt to discover the North Pole was in 1898. This trip, however, wasnt successful and he returned in 1902 after never reaching the pole. Three years later in 1905 Peary tried again to reach the North Pole. This time he sailed in the Roosevelt, which is a ship, designed to move among floes (masses of moving ice). Once they reached the north coast of Ellesmere Island, Perry and his men got off the ship and continued northward on sledges over the ice fields of the Arctic Ocean. This was his closest attempt to reaching the North Pole. In 1907 he published another book, Nearest the Pole, which told of his journey. In 1908 he began his third attempt to reach the pole. On April 6, 1909, accompanied by two Eskimos, he finally reached the pole. While there he was able to take soundings to prove that the sea, near the North Pole, isnt as shallow as what scientists believed. Just a week before Pearys return from his greatest discovery, an Americ ...

Extended Schools in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Extended Schools in UK - Essay Example It has thus a host of multifarious activities to perform as a 'cornerstone' of the emerging 'knowledge economy' and the 'hub' of the community life. In this essay we explore the theory and practice of, and the issues around, extended schooling. The discussion would be more meaningful against the background of the history of the concept of 'extended school' and its implementation. We, therefore, turn first to a short 'review of the literature' on extended school in the following section. The scheme of extended schooling first appeared as a 'full-service schooling' initiative in the United States and has been functioning there as part of the school system for a number of years. Some of these services have included the provision of welfare amenities of health and cleanliness, support services in the form of school counsellors, and various sports and youth activities. However, the recent interest in 'full-service' schooling has its origins in the remedial or ameliorative concerns, which appear to have been basically transplanted into the extended schools in England. The focus has been on the provision of health and social care services. The new community schools in Scotland (1999) was said to have been the first major implementation of the 'extended school' scheme in the UK. In Wales, the idea of community-focused schools has been used to investigate the need and feasibility of a similar provision. However, the idea of providing different services on school premises is hardly new (Walker et al., 2000; Tett, 2000; Raham, 1998, 2000; Smith, 2001). Since the nineteenth century there have been various examples of schools offering medical and welfare services alongside their traditional activities of teaching. Dryfoos has argued that the original model was that of the school-based health and social services centre where services were brought in by outside agencies in concurrence with school personnel ( Dryfoos,1994, p.142). They were to be 'one stop, collaborative institutions' (ibid, p.13). As to what elements should now be present in the concept, Dryfoos seems to be of the view that such a service package should include both 'quality education' and 'support services' (1994. p.13). The underlying principle behind the concept of the full-service or extended school is based on the recognition that schooling, for many, would become meaningful only when 'a range of welfare and health services were in place' along with quality teaching (Smith, 2001a). Soc ial disadvantage must be addressed in order to effectively tackle educational underachievement (Olasov and Petrillo, 1994; Carlson et al., 1995; Raham, 1998; Smith, 2001). Dryfoos (1993) has noted that the impetus for the development of the full-service school approach emanated from the recognition that the schools were often unable to cope adequately with individual student needs in areas such as the social, health, emotional and cultural requirements of their pupils. Hence, much of the literature is based on the premise that 'schools cannot do it alone' in the light of the multiple challenges they, and their students, families and communities face (Dryfoos, 1994,). Schools in UK have to cope with problems

Essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Questions - Essay Example Hence the Palestine had to be kept in the hands of Arabs as they hoped that the Arab unity would help forge war against common enemy. However the movement experienced a major setback in the defeat of Arabs in the Arab Israeli war of 1967 and death of Abdul Nasser in 1970. Jewish nationalism also caused the conflict due to the numerous persecutions and massacres they faced. They were also expelled in most European countries and hence had to look for their own land free from persecution that they believed was Israel. Another reason for this was the British decision to end mandate that made Arabs perceive it as breach of the agreement that made them furious as the British support for their independence was broken. The Arab treatment by the Israeli denied them basic political rights and freedom as they were seen as threat to Israeli. They imposed policies that hurt the Palestinians hence the revolt against the military administration that was set to govern their resident in the West Bank and Gaza. The rise of the Palestinian nationalist movement against state formation led to the 1948 Arab –Israeli war termed as the war for independence. The Arab resistance against giving part of their land to the Jewish without being informed was viewed as a threat to the independence of Palestinian nation. The Israeli also took better part of the land leaving them with worst lands and this angered them leading to conflicts and subsequent formation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization that used terrorism to frighten the Jews to return their land. Zionism was formed as a national movement with an aim or goal to create and support the Jews national state in Palestine that was the ancient home to the Jews. It originated from the eastern and central Europe in the late 19th century. The centre of this movement was established in Vienna. It therefore strived to create a home in

Software Development Best Practices, Vision & Goals Statements Essay

Software Development Best Practices, Vision & Goals Statements - Essay Example The researcher states that after deployment of the state of the art matching system, it is expected that the company would get a huge number of benefits that include: the enhanced productivity, increased efficiency, high security, improved quality, more system usability, high performance, lower maintenance costs and efforts of the in-house software development team of the company hence achieving employee satisfaction and fewer bugs as compared to the existing matching program software application. These benefits would ultimately lead the company to achieve its goals, the value of the market share would be increased and the company would continually get more profits. As far as the cost of replacing the matching system is concerned, there are following costs of the items that need to be considered. Cost of procuring the computer hardware items including the servers, desktops, LAN development equipment etc. On the other hand, the second cost item is the software applications including t he Operating Systems, antivirus, Microsoft applications etc., moreover, the cost for development of software application – the Valentino matching system. And the last cost item is the human resources involved to facilitate the development, moreover, the operating expenses or the miscellaneous cost. Project Scope Diagram Requirement Catalogue The requirements of the Valentino matching program can be divided into functional and non-functional requirements which are given below: Note: Priority 5 = Top, 1 = Least Functional Requirements ID Req. Name Priority Description vm1 Register 5 The applicants (new clients) would have to register themselves with the company to avail the services by provision of required information in the form/questionnaire. vm2 Fee 5 An amount of ?150/- would be charged from the client upon new registration per year and it could be paid either by credit card or cheque. vm3 Contacts 5 The client would be provided a list of six (6) most compatible matching m embers to contact either by telephone or letter/email. vm4 List 5 The clients can demand as many lists as they desire and the subsequent (or add to the first list) lists would be charged ?5 each. vm5 Confidential 5 The Valentino service is completely confidential and applies the rules of the Data Protection Act, however, upon request of the clients their names can be shown to the other members’ list. vm6 Update 5 The clients would be given functionality to update their profile information including location, photograph, payment method, and matching requirements. vm7 Control 5 The clients would be facilitated to control their personal information either to show or not to the other members of the company. vm8 Profile 5 The clients can update their relevant information whenever and as many times they want free of charge. vm9 Free 5 A list of compatible members would be provided to the client free of charge, if and only if, the client got less than three (3) members in the previo us list. vm10 Login 5 In order to use the system, the clients need to log into the system by providing username and password provided to them after completing the process of registration.