Essay example --

ReflectionI defecate been attending Virginia State University for one semester now, and constantly since I came here I have learned more than I imagined imaginable. Since I have taken an English class every year in my life since the age of five, I believed I knew exactly what to expect. I was definitely wrong. When I began at Virginia State University, I assumed all my English classes would precisely consist of reading, discussing and then writing well-nigh Old English. Since that was what all my English classes consisted of in laid-back school, I did not believe there would be huge difference at Virginia State University. I quickly discovered that there was much more to it. With only one semester of an English class at Virginia State University almost complete, they successfully showed me way more than the English language they showed me how to be me. Taking a glance at my previous essays I wrote in high school before I came to Virginia State University, I am now very awar e how much my skill to write, reveal my thoughts, ideas, and intelligence has magnanimous stronger in this course. I have learned here at Virginia State University how to write, how to be myself, how to ponder for myself, and how to locate the solutions to the problems I do not have the answers to. I learned how vital the English language is to everyday life.There is never a second that goes by without me contemplating about something, but being enrolled in my premier English class at Virginia State University, I am very proud to announce that as a result my critical analysis skills have significantly increased. Instead of concentrating on a proposed purpose, I have figured out how to constantly ask myself why. I now actually withstand myself to investigate an authors work as acu... ...em up. The first English class I took at Virginia State University had actually assisted me in removing that hideous impulsion and write an essay worth writing with improved ideas that comes with added support. I was taught how to write numerous styles of essays in a lot of various arrangements.My writing has very improved in this writing course. This course has slowly taught and is still teaching me how to not write like I am still in high school. I do not make as many grammar mistakes as I use to. I have become a better proofreader. I learned a process to creating a thesis statement that unlike my other methods actually worked. I also learned a lot about the mechanics of writing. But, there are a few of things that I do believe I crave the fortitude and ability to achieve, and that is what I believe I will acquire continuing at Virginia State University.

Philosophy of Milton in When I Consider how my Light is Spent and Borge

The Philosophy of Milton in When I Consider how my Light is Spent and Borges in Poema de los dones Jorge Luis Borges espoused a philosophy that all men argon each other (Stabb 52). His literature frequents the theme by finding the repetition of events that transpire regardless of the person involved. His becoming blind coincided with his appointment as managing director of the National Library of Argentina, and he understood this splendid irony of God as another wrinkle in the circular repetition of existence. John Miltons buckram use of the Petrarchan sonnet provides a balanced structure for him to blend his experience with the general human experience, but his effort promotes an inward, self-reflective goal of trying to find Gods authorization when he becomes blind. While Borges universalizes his blindness in order to convey his idea of transindividuality in Poema de los dones (Poem of the Gifts), Milton responds to the permanence of his night by ultimately resigning to a re assert ascetism, patience, and contemplation as he awaits Gods command in When I Consider how my Light is Spent. A graceful tug of war between continuity and schism, a changing fusion of the personal and the universal, and a tone of resignation direct Milton to the difficult acceptance of serving God by standing and waiting. Continuity at bottom a set of lines shapes the theme by urging the poet to continue his faith in God. Contrasts in images and audiences define the differences between the soul-seeking author and the well-meaning orator. Petrarchan sonnets usually suck in the poet to propose a series of distinct statements from line to line. Milton deviates from the anticipated sentence divisions by merging one idea within m... ...Milton A Structural Reading. capital of the United Kingdom Edward Arnold, 1974. Borges, Jorge Luis. Borges A Reader. Eds. Emir Rodriguez Monegal and Alastair Reid. New York E.P. Dutton, 1981. Miller, David M. John Milton Poetry. Boston T wayne Publishers, 1978. Milton, John. When I Consider how my Light is Spent. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Sixth Edition. Ed. M.H. Abrams et al. New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1996. Modern Critical Views Jorge Luis Borges. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea set up Publishers, 1986. Nicolson, Marjorie Hope. John Milton A readers guide to his poetry. New York Octagon Books, 1983. Stabb, Martin S. Jorge Luis Borges. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1970. Wilson, A.N. The Life of John Milton. Oxford Oxford University Press, 1983.

Religion Through Spiritual Explorations in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre

Religion Through Spiritual Explorations in Charlotte Brontes Jane EyreIn Jane Eyre, religion is embraced through a series of spiritualexplorations. Bronte portrays Janes character and zest for religionby revealing Janes transitions from Gateshead to Lowood, Lowood toThornfield, and Thornfield to Moor House. Jane ultimately rejectsevery one of these organized styles of worship. However, that does notmean that she rejects all their beliefs. She is forever changed by for each one experience and they have helped mold her view on religion and herrelationship with God. Each location plays a significant role in thedevelopment of Janes stead on religion. Jane struggles toacquire true faith in God, which will help her overcome the obstaclesof her nomadic life.Within Jane Eyre, Bronte shows a feeling of anti-Catholicism throughthe character of Jane?s cousin, Eliza Reed. The novel portrays Elizaas a picture of rigidityTwo young ladies appeared before me one very tall, almost as tall aslady fr iend Ingram,--very thin too, with a sallow face and severe mien. Therewas something ascetic in her look, which was augmented by the extremeplainness of a straight-skirted, black, stuff dress, a starched linencollar, hair combed away from the temples, and the nun-like ornamentof a string of ebony beads and a crucifix. (Bronte 228)Eliza had certainly taken on the ritualistic side of Catholicism.(Rife) She is described as a busy person, but it was difficult to saywhat she did or rather, to discover any result of her diligence(Bronte 234). Bronte had the same feelings toward the Catholic faith.Charlotte and numerous other English Protestants viewed Catholics aspeople who worshipped idols diligently, yet d... ...r himself. (Cashwell)As we can see, Jane is obviously affected by her experiences at eachof these different stages in her life. At Lowood she learned thestrict adherence to the apparitional and moral values that were taughtthere. Even though she may not have agreed with all o f them, they shaped her views on morality, shown in her experiences with Rochester. She also learned of sacrifice through St. John, who sacrificed truelove for the greater good of his religious calling. Bronte deals withquite a few religious topics and pretty much finds something wrongwith each form of Christianity. Jane finally finds a personalrelationship with God, and even though she may not agree with one ofthe forms of organized Christianity, she finally fells a spiritualinner peace.Works CitedBronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 1996.

When do we have time to consider time? :: Business and Management Studies

When do we have conviction to consider time?clock is EverythingCulturally SpeakingWe never have enough time. Its flying, wasted, or spent. Inmarketing, we strive to be punctual for meetings and deadlines. Sowhen do we have time to consider time? For culturally sensitivemarketers, time is key. When we look to establish an emotional linkwith a Latino consumer, we must consider the elements of culturethat chasteness values, thoughts, and behaviors and time is whizz of thesedimensions that provides the nesting place for archetypes to takeroot.1Westerners tend to view time as linear. We see events in a straightline, with each successive doing following another. Many othercultures see time not as monochronic, but polychronic, which ischaracterized by events occurring simultaneously. The famousanthropologist, Edward T. Hall, conducted extensive research ofmonochronic and polychronic cultures found that culturalmiscommunication is practically the result of not understanding thedifferen t structures of scheduling or managing time. Hall concludesthat monochronic cultures (primarily North America and NorthernEurope) emphasize schedules, punctuality, and preciseness. Monochronic cultures emphasize doing things, productivity, andgetting things done one time. Time should be managed and plannedand not wasted.2A polychronic view of time, according to Hall, is primarily in LatinAmerican, African and Native American cultures.3 When consideringother Hispanic archetypes, this is logical. Hispanic cultures aremore likely than Anglos to believe that nature and the supernaturalcontrol their lives.4 Therefore, time is associated with naturalrhythms, the earth, and seasons. It is not manipu noveld, but with ahigher power, and then it can be spontaneous or sporadic. Thereis more valued placed on being than on doing.5Now of course this view is over- everydayized and simplistic. Levels ofassimilation, occupation, and general demographics may all effect thedegree of truthfulness in t his assumption. Time can be a veryindividualized concept, which I proved arriving late to an interviewwith my Hispanic friend, Juan. He was born in Costa Rica, andimmigrated to the United States when he was fourteen. He is nowtwenty-one and a college student. I sought to descry out how he viewedtime in Latin American versus the United States. Juan told me he was not offended by my tardiness, and asking why, hereplied, Maybe you were talk of the town to friends or family. Thisunderscores another important dimension, the importance ofinterpersonal relationships in the Hispanic culture. Juan explainedthat when Americans travel to Costa Rica, they adjust to Tico time,or the timing of Costa Ricans. He described Tico time as much morelaid back, and without rush. He made a clear distinction, however,between this attitude and procrastination.

Aids and Society :: HIV Social Issues Health Essays

Aids and Society Aids and Society The number of newborns infected by vertical transmission of the tender-hearted immunodeficiency virus is increasing as the prevalence of HIV-positive women increase within the United States. It is estimated that while seven thousand HIV-positive women become pregnant each year, between sensation thousand and two thousand of their newborns will be HIV-positive. This research paper will concentrate on the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus from mother to child, the benefits of drugs intervention, and whether or not the HIV-screening process of pregnant women should remain voluntary or become mandatory. The HIV-virus has proven that it is not a disease to be taken lightly or ignored. I chose this topic because I want to be informed about the virus and its rate of vertical transmission so that I will be able to inform others about such ethical topics Does the baby have rights and should a pregnant women be denied her right to privacy with respect to HIV? selective information shows that AIDS is now increasing faster among females than males, with women accounting for seven percent of cases in 1985 and nineteen percent in 1995. The incidences of HIV-positive heterosexual women have risen dramatically over the past decade, and AIDS is now the third leading cause of death among women ages twenty-five to forty-four. The one thing that all of these women have in habitual is that they all are of child bearing age. Consequently, the incidences of HIV-positive newborns have also increased. As mentioned previously, about seven thousand HIV-infected women give birth each year, and about twenty-five percent of their babies are HIV-positive. Maternal transmission accounted for ninety-two percent of all new AIDS cases reported in children in 1994(Davis15). A major find in drug intervention began in February 1993. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group administered a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study of zidovudine, a lso known as AST. Four hundred cardinal women were enrolled in the study. These women were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received zidovudine while the other, the control group, received a placebo. The administration of each zidovudine or placebo began in the second trimester of pregnancy and continued through labor. For six weeks after birth, the babies received the same treatment as the mothers in a syrup form. Because it was a double-blinded study, neither the researchers nor the patients knew who was actually receiving the zidovudine.

Aids and Society :: HIV Social Issues Health Essays

Aids and Society Aids and Society The number of newborns infected by vertical transmission of the serviceman immunodeficiency virus is increasing as the prevalence of HIV-positive women increase within the United States. It is estimated that while seven thousand HIV-positive women become pregnant each year, between one thousand and two thousand of their newborns will be HIV-positive. This research paper will concentrate on the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus from mother to child, the benefits of drugs intervention, and whether or not the HIV-screening process of pregnant women should remain voluntary or become mandatory. The HIV-virus has proven that it is not a disease to be taken lightly or ignored. I chose this topic because I want to be informed about the virus and its rate of vertical transmission so that I will be able to inform others about such ethical topics Does the baby have rights and should a pregnant women be denied her right to screen with respect t o HIV? Data shows that AIDS is now increasing faster among females than males, with women accounting for seven percent of cases in 1985 and nineteen percent in 1995. The incidences of HIV-positive straight person women have risen dramatic in ally over the past decade, and AIDS is now the third leading cause of death among women ages twenty-five to forty-four. The one thing that all of these women have in common is that they all are of child bearing age. Consequently, the incidences of HIV-positive newborns have also increased. As mentioned previously, about seven thousand HIV-infected women give comport each year, and about twenty-five percent of their babies are HIV-positive. Maternal transmission accounted for ninety-two percent of all new AIDS cases reported in children in 1994(Davis15). A major breakthrough in drug intervention began in February 1993. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group administered a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study of zidovudine, also known as AST. Four hundred seventy-five women were enrolled in the study. These women were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group get zidovudine while the other, the control group, received a placebo. The administration of either zidovudine or placebo began in the second trimester of pregnancy and continued through labor. For six weeks after birth, the babies received the same give-and-take as the mothers in a syrup form. Because it was a double-blinded study, neither the researchers nor the patients knew who was actually receiving the zidovudine.

Florence Nightingale Essay

Florence Nightingales surroundingsal theory is a holistic approach to wellness care. The basis of this theory is the inter-relationship of a healthful surroundings with nursing. Nightingale noticed that external influences and conditions can suppress, or contribute to disease or death. The goal of the nursemaid should be to help patients retain their own vitality by meeting their basic needs through overlook of the purlieu. (Selanders & Crane, 2012) There are three types of environment in Nightingales theory. The first is the physical environment. It comprise of the physical elements where the patient is being treated such as the bed, the linens, the floors and walls, and plumbing. Nightingale manipulated the physical environment by using cleanliness, heat and becoming plumbing. She insisted upon patients having access to fresh air and natural sunlight. The second is the psychological environment, which can be affected by the negative physical environment.A dirty and un-kept environment is a psychological damaging environment. One way that Nightingale manipulated this type was with the use of fresh flowers. The psychological environment requires various activities to keep the mind active and distracted from the pain and suffering of illness. It also involves therapeutic communication with the patient and family. The social environment consist of the patients hospital room and home, as well as the community that affects the patients specific environment. For example, a patients social support may consist of friends, family, church members or neighbors. ( nursing Theory, 2012) There are five major components of a healthful environment. They are, proper ventilation, adequate light, sufficient warmth, control of noise and control of odors. These were all important in the Nightingale theory. Fresh ventilated air can decrease the amount of germs. We know that light is important to our patients and the absence of natural light can lead to delirium. Warmth is important as it helps the body remain free from the stress caused by cold.Decreasing the noise around our patients helps them retard and get the rest that their bodies require to heal. Controlling odors can also help our patients relax but is also important to the patients psychological well- being. (Nursing Theory, 2012) The nursing paradigm of Nightingales theory assumes that nursing is different from medicine and that the goal of nursingis to place the patient in the best likely condition for nature to act upon them. Nursing encompasses the all the activities that promote health and can be performed by anyone. Nursing provides fresh air, light, warmth, cleanliness, quiet and a proper diet. Nursing facilitates a patients reparative process by ensuring the best possible environment and influences the environment to promote health. (Nursing Theory, 2012) Today we practice many of the aspects of Nightingales theory. Some units have quiet time to allow patients to rest. We have a bu tterfly garden that patients can visit that not only serves as a resource for fresh air, but also provides sunlight and a wonderful distraction from their illness.ReferencesCreasia, J. L., & Friberg, E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations, the bridge to professional nursing practice (5th ed.). St. Louise, MO Mosby. environmental Theory. (2012). Retrieved from www.nursingtheory.org Selanders, L. C., & Crane, P. C. (2012, January). The Voice of Florence Nightingale on Advocacy. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 17. Retrieved from www.nursingworld.com

“Blackberries in June” by Ron Rash Essay

Blackberries in June by Ron Rash is a short explanation about a young couple that takes place in Seneca, South Carolina. gym mat and Jamie are a couple who have been together since high school and they live in a erect on the lake. Matt and Jamies lake house is something that they have worked hard for to get, and bought it all on their own. During the course of their teenage years, they had to come across many sacrifices and hard decisions to get to the point they are now. some(prenominal) issues have been occurring with their family life for the past few years and now more than ever, they have to decide whether to keep pursuing their dreams or help the family out. In the story there are several shelters brought up and each character presents a new topic. A value Linda thinks is fundamental is not quite important to Matt. Each character thinks something different is of most importance in their lives.Matt and Jamie are the couple in the story who have worked hard to be successfu l. Their house on the lake was bought a few years ago while they were still young. This house however needed a lot of fixing up. These two characters value their house, money and most importantly each other. Matt and Jamie constantly are working on their lake house some members of their family are not supportive still some others are. Matt and Jamie have been planning their life together as a couple ever since they were in high school and made goals for themselves to make their dreams happen. Matt reminds Jamie after bad visit to her grandmothers house that this is what they have always dreamed of.

Touching Essays

Idiom Explanation + Example 1) Dont give up the day job. You are not very good at that. You could definitely not do it profession eithery. I really the like the way you sing, but dont give up your day job. 2) Cash cow. An easy way to imbibe money regularly. Income tax is a real cash cow for the government. 3) Bite eat up more than than you sight chew. Trying to do something that is too difficult or conviction consuming to finish. Im glad you privation to prepare the report by yourself. Just be sure that you dont bite off more than you can chew. 4) capable the air Discuss something that was causing people to feel upset. There bring downms to have been a mis discovering. Id like to explain what happened, plainly to clear the air. 5) Turn your okay on Give up on, or abandon. I needed your help but you just now turned your okay on me 6) non cut out for Not suitable for something. He tried mountain climbing, but he simply was not cut out for it. 7) rub the bot tom of the barrel The very last, or the very worst. These are the last volunteers we could find. We really had to rub the bottom of the barrel to find them. 8) A class act Sophisticated, above average. He offered to help, even though he doesnt know me.Hes a real class act. 9) Clean up your act Improve your behavior. If you are ever going to mend your English skills, you must start getting in to class on time and doing your homework. Why dont you clean up your act? 10) Get your act together Get more organized. You have been late for work every day this week. If you want to keep this job, you must get your act together. 11) A piece of the action Participation in an activity. I heard that you are looking for partners in your new investment. If you dont mind, I would like to get in on a piece of the action. 12) Actions speak louder than words. Peoples intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say. Why dont you give her a hug instead of saying you are so rry, actions speak louder than words. 13) In the air existence discussed, generally obvious. The days are getting longer and the flowers are blooming. Spring is in the air. 14) Go ape Go crazy. Jack was really angry. I sentiment he was going to go ape. 15) A grey area Something that is difficult to define. I researched your case, but there are not either black and unclouded answers. Your situation seems to fall into a grey area. 16) Up in arms Angry. The crows was agitated. Everyone was up in arms over the government decision. 17) Be glad to see the back of Be happy when a person leaves. That guy bothers me, Ill be glad to see the back of him. 18) Give him/her credit Acknowledge an achievement or contribution of a person. Although he is not easy to work for, you have to give him credit for managing the company well. 19) Go behind someones back Do something without impressive someone. Dont trust Jane. She acts friendly but shes always going behind someones back. 20) Each to his own Everyone is entitled to his own individual opinion. I cant say that I like Georges new furniture. It seems very plain and uncomfortable. Oh well, each to his own. 21) Eager beaver Enthusiastic person. John did all of his homework before supper. He sure is an eager beaver. 22) azoic bird A person who is early, or gets up early. Dave was in class 30 minutes before anyone else. What an early bird. 23) Scratch the surface Examine unless a part of something. Uncover that a few facts about something Cancer research is a very long-term process. So far, we have just begun to scratch the surface. 24) Give him the slip Leave him.Hide from him. I think that man is following us. Lets give him the slip. 25) Cold shoulder To treat someone in an inimical manner. I dont think Jim likes me. I tried to speak with him but he gave me the frigorific shoulder. 26) Get the ball rolling Start something. All right everyone, we worn out(p) a mussiness of time planning t his project. Now, its time to get the ball rolling. 27) Jump on the bandwagon Join a popular trend or activity. I like that new procedure and Ive decided to jump on the bandwagon. 28) A losing battle Something that cannot be accomplished. Ive tried fixing this phone many times, I just cant do it by myself. Its a losing battle. 29) Keep something at bay Keep something away. Sarah found it difficult to keep the salesperson at bay. 30) Spill the beans Tell a secret. I wont be the one to spill the beans. 31) Beggars cant be choosers People cannot complain about something they get for free. I dont like the color of the sweater she gave me, but beggars cant be choosers. 32) Flesh and blood A relative. I must help him. aft(prenominal) all, hes my own flesh and blood. 33) Give the benefit of the doubt Believe someones statement, without proof. The teachers explanation did not seem logical, but I gave her the benefit of the doubt. 34) A safe bet Probably true. Will probably happen. Its a safe bet that your English skills improve quickly if you study at Elanguest. 35) Fit the bill Seems correct. That seems to fit the bill. Ill take it. 36) Black and blue Bruised. He was beaten until he was black and blue. 37) In cold blood With no compassion or mercy. Usually associated with ruthless murder. The assassin was evil. He killed him in cold blood. 38) Out of the blue Unexpected. A great humor just came to me out of the blue. 9) Call someones bluff Make someone prove what they say. He implied that he would terminate my contract, but I blackguarded his bluff. 40) Rock the boat earn enigmas for other people. Everyone likes Anthony. He doesnt rock the boat. 41) By the book Doing something according to rules. Hes a good cop. He does everything by the book. 42) Give someone the boot Dismiss or get rid of someone. Mr. Smith is an easy boss to work for. He doesnt like to give someone the boot. 43) Get to the bottom of Learn about and understand fully. We are not sure what happened, but we intend to get to the bottom of this. 44) Out of bounds Not permitted. Hans wanted to ask Mary out on a date, but I explained that she is out of bounds. Mary is engaged to Jack. 45) Bread and butter Regular income. We are very dependent on our advertising revenue. Its our borecole and butter. 46) The best thing since slice bread A good invention or innovation. I love this paper folding machine. Its the best thing since sliced bread. 47) Give me a break Dont expect me to believe or agree with that. You think the teacher is joking? Give me a break. 48) Dont hold your breath Dont conceal too long because it exponent not happen. Yes, its possible that they will lower taxes, but dont hold your breath. 49) Cross that bridge when you come to it Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before. Im not too wirried about a possible downturn in the economy. Anyway, lets cross that bridge when we come to it. 50) The bu bble has burst A antecedently positive situation has encountered a serious problem. Last year, the stock market was doing very well. Unfortunately, it seems that the bubble has burst. 51) The buck stops here Problems are resloved here. A lot of people try to pass problems to other people.At my desk, however, the buck stops here. 52) Burn your bridges make it impossible to return. Be polite when you hand in your resignation. After all, you dont want to burn your bridges. 53) My ears are burning I think someone is saying something about me. Pierre is talking again. My ears are burning. 54) Put on the back burner Leave it for later. I dont think well have time to complete it this year. Lets put it on the back burner. 55) Someone means business Someone is serious suck in out for Harry. Hes someone who means business. 56) At the taking into custody of a button Quickly and easily. No problem.I can change your account information at the touch a button. 57) Have your cake an d eat it Enjoy something without paying for it. He expected to pass without studying. Unfortunately, you cannot have your cake and eat it, too. 58) A close call Something (usually bad) almost happening. That car almost hit us. That was a close call. 59) Enough is enough This should stop. I have listened to his complaints for years but enough is enough. 60) A gamy cat A wealthy person. He has everything he needs. Hes a real fat cat. 61) My two cents worth My humble opinion. He seems like a louse up politician.Thats just my two cents worth. 62) Hang out Be together, spend time with each other. Hey Lauren, lets get together tonight, we can just hang out and radiation diagram our English. 63) A change of heart A changed opinion. At one time, I supported George Bush. As time went on, however, I had a change of heart. 64) Get something off your chest Explain something that is bothering you. Gary, you dont seem happy. Is there something you would like to get off your chest? 65) Dont count your chickens before the eggs have hatched Dont make plans for something that might not happen. Yes, I think we will probably get a raise in pay this year. Remember, though, dont count your chickens before the eggs have hatched. 66) A chip on his shoulder He is angry about something. I dont know why hes so unhappy. He seems to have a chip on his shoulder. 67) Come full circle A process has been completed. The salmon has returned to the place where it originally hatched. Its life cycle has come full circle. 68) Squeaky clean decriminalise and proper. We checked all of her references. Shes squeaky clean. 69) In the clear Out of trouble. His innocence has been proven. Hes in the clear. 70) Steer clear of Avoid. Shes not very nice. I think we should aim clear of her. 71) Round the clock All day. Shes a very hard worker. She usually works around the clock. 72) Turn back the clock Go back in time. I feel old. I wish I could turn back the clock. 73) Like clockwork With mechanical efficiency. Hes very predictable. He always eats at the same time, like clockwork. 74) fire up and smell the coffee Think more realistically. He doesn not respect you as much as you think. Wake up and smell the coffee. 75) The other side of the coin Another version of a story or event. The global summit will encourage meaningfull dialogue. On the other side of the coin, it might result in violent protests. 76) Left out in the cold Left unaided or unprotected. They dont include me in their group. I feel left out in the cold. 77) With flying colors With enthusiasm and exuberance. I cant wait to see you all. Ill be there with flying colors. 78) Scrape by Have just enough but not more. Our budget is not satisfactory but we will find a way to scrape by. 79) A tough cookie A stubborn, strong person. Dont get Shirley upset. Shes a tough cookie. 80) Keep your cool Dont become upset. Relax, keep your cool. 81) Lose your cool fetch upset. Dont get u pset. If you lose your cool, it will make matters worse. 82) In a tight corner Without any good options. Milo has run out of options. If he takes any more chance, he might find himself in a tight corner. 83) A couch potato A lazy person. Luis just watches tv all day. He really is a couch potato. 84) Takes its course A situation develops naturally. There is nothing we can do to relieve the effects of her disease. We can only wait and let the illness take its course. 85) Up the creek In trouble. I warned Bill but he would not listen.Now, hes up the creek. 86) Crocodile tears misinform or faked sympathy. She told me she was sorry but she was not, it was just crocodile tears. 87) When it comes to the crunch When there are no more possibilities. Victor seems to have a casual point of view. When it comes to the crunch, though, he is a real professional. 88) A far cry from Very different from. His personality is a far cry from his fathers. 89) Off-the-cuff Without research , planning, or considering. I havent had the time to think about it. My off-the-cuff impression, however, is that it is a good idea. 90) Cant cut it Cannot do it. Kim shouldnt be working here. She just cant cut it. 91) In the dark Ignorant. They didnt tell me anything. I felt like they had left me in the dark. 92) A shot in the dark A guess. Im not sure but I could take a shot in the dark. 93) Call it a day Stop. Im tired. Lets call it a day. 94) Late in the day (Almost) too late. The government just decided to grease ones palms new helicopters, but it seems a little late in the day to make such a decision. 95) In broad daylight Without trying to hatch it. They robbed the bank in broad daylight. 6) Makes someones day Make someone happy. Your letter made my day 97) Wouldnt be caught dead Would never. I hate that dress. I wouldnt be caught dead wearing it. 98) Get a raw deal Receives less than what is deserved. Be sure to read the contract carefully before you sign it. You dont want to get a raw deal. 99) Runs deep Entrenched, or ingrained. He loves his country. Patriotism runs deep in his veins. 100) Out of your depth Beyond your existing knowledge or ability. You dont seem to have much experience in this subject. Are you sure youre not out of your depth?

Mcdonalds 10k

Morningstar DocumentResearchS Table of Contents UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D. C. 20549 FORM 10-K FOR ANNUAL AND enactment REPORTS PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended celestial latitude 31, 2010 OR ? TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period fromto foreign mission File Number 1-5231McDONALDS CORPORATION (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Delawargon (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) One McDonalds Plaza Oak Brook, Illinois (Address of principal executive offices) 36-2361282 (I. R. S. Employer Identification No. ) 60523 (Zip code) Name of each exchange on which registered New York Stock commuting Registrants squall number, including area code (630) 623-3000 Securities registered purs uant to Section 12(b) of the Act Title of each classCommon stock, $. 01 par value Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act none (Title of class) Indicate by command mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in regularisation 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ? Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not needful to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Act. Yes ?No x Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such(prenominal) shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesx No? Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web come out, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (232. 05 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ? Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to full point 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements integrate by recognition in Part III of this play 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large speed filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one) Large accelerated filer xAccelerated filer ? Non-accelerated filer ? (do not check if a smaller reporting company)Smaller reporting company ? Indicate by check mark wh ether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).Yes ? No x The aggregate market value of public stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2010 was $70,073,280,631. The number of shares outstanding of the registrants common stock as of January 31, 2011 was 1,043,298,941. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Part III of this Form 10-K incorporates information by reference from the registrants 2011 definitive proxy statement which will be filed no later than 120 days after declination 31, 2010.Source MCDONALDS CORP, 10-K, February 25, 2011Powered by Morningstar Document ResearchSM Table of Contents Part I. Part II. Part III. Part IV. McDONALDS CORPORATION INDEX Page Reference spot 1Business1 Item 1A Item 1B Item 2Properties6 Risk Factors and Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements3 Unresolved Staff Comments5 Item 3 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 7A Item 8 Item 9 Item 9A Item 9B Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 It em 14 Item 15 Legal Proceedings6Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities7 Selected fiscal Data9 prudences Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations10 Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk27 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data27 Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure48 Controls and Procedures48 Other cultivation48 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance48 Executive Compensation48 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters48 Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence49 headland Accountant Fees and Services49 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules49 52 53 Signatures ExhibitsAll trademarks used herein are the rightty of their respective owners and are used with permission. Source MCDONALDS CORP, 10-K, February 25 , 2011Powered by Morningstar Document ResearchSM Table of Contents PART I ITEM 1. Business McDonalds Corporation, the registrant, together with its subsidiaries, is referred to herein as the association. a. General development of business During 2010, thither have been no material changes to the familiaritys corporate structure or in its method of conducting business. In 2010, the beau monde has continued the process it began in 2005 to realign certain subsidiaries to develop a corporate structure within its geographic discussion sections that better reflects the operation of the McDonalds worldwide business. . Financial information approximately segments Segment selective information for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008 are included in Part II, Item 8, page 40 of this Form 10-K. c. Narrative commentary of business General The participation franchises and operates McDonalds eating houses in the worldwide restaurant industry. These restaurants serve a var ied, yet limited, value-priced menu (see Products) in more than 100 countries virtually the world. All restaurants are operated either by the Company or by franchisees, including conventional franchisees under franchise emplacements, and foreign affiliated markets and developmental certifyes under license agreements.The Companys operations are designed to assure consistency and high persona at every restaurant. When granting franchises or licenses, the Company is selective and more often than not is not in the practice of franchising to passive investors. Under the conventional franchise arrangement, franchisees provide a portion of the capital required by initially enthronement funds in the equipment, signs, seating and de? cor of their restaurant businesses, and by reinvesting in the business over time. The Company owns the land and building or secures longsighted-term leases for two Company-operated and conventional franchised restaurant sites. In certain circumstances, the Company participates in reinvestment for conventional franchised restaurants.A discussion regarding site selection is included in Part I, Item 2, page 6 of this Form 10-K. Conventional franchisees contribute to the Companys revenue stream done the payment of rent and royalties based upon a percent of sales, with specified negligible rent payments, along with initial fees received upon the opening of a new restaurant or the granting of a new franchise term. The conventional franchise arrangement typically lasts 20 years, and franchising practices are generally consistent throughout the world. Over 70% of franchised restaurants operate under conventional franchise arrangements. The Company has an equity investment in a limited number of foreign affiliated markets, referred to as affiliates.The largest of these affiliates is Japan, where there are more than 3,300 restaurants. The Company receives a royalty based on a percent of sales in these markets. Under a developmental licens e arrangement, licensees provide capital for the entire business, including the real estate interest. While the Company has no capital invested, it receives a royalty based on a percent of sales, as well as initial fees. The largest of these developmental license arrangements operates more than 1,750 restaurants across 18 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Company and its franchisees purchase food, packaging, equipment and other goods from numerous independent suppliers.The Company has established and strictly enforces high quality standards and product specifications. The Company has quality assurance labs around the world to ensure that its high standards are consistently met. The quality assurance process not besides involves current product reviews, but as well on-site inspections of suppliers facilities. A quality assurance board, composed of the Companys technical, safety and supply chain specialists, provides strategic global track downership for all aspect s of food quality and safety. In addition, the Company works closely with suppliers to encourage innovation, assure best practices and drive continuous improvement. supplement scale, supply chain infrastructure and risk management strategies, the Company also collaborates with suppliers toward a goal of achieving competitive, predictable food and paper costs over the long term. Independently owned and operated distribution centers, approved by the Company, distribute products and supplies to most McDonalds restaurants. In addition, restaurant personnel are trained in the proper storage, handling and preparation of products and in the delivery of client service. McDonalds global brand is well known. Marketing, promotional and public relations activities are designed to countenance McDonalds brand image and differentiate the Company from competitors. Marketing and promotional efforts focus on value, food taste, menu choice and the customer experience.The Company endlessly endeavors to improve its social responsibility and environmental practices to achieve long-term sustainability, which benefits McDonalds and the communities it serves. The Company has disposed of non-McDonalds restaurant businesses to concentrate resources on its core business. In February 2009, the Company sold its minority ownership interest in Redbox Automated Retail, LLC, and in April 2008, the Company sold its minority ownership interest in U. K. -based Pret A Manger. Products McDonalds restaurants offer a substantially uniform menu, although there are geographic variations to suit local consumer preferences and tastes. In addition, McDonalds tests new products on an ongoing basis.McDonalds menu includes hamburgers and cheeseburgers, Big Mac, Quarter Pounder with Cheese, Filet-O-Fish, several chicken sandwiches, Chicken McNuggets, Chicken Selects, Snack Wraps, french fries, salads, shakes, McFlurry desserts, sundaes, soft serve cones, pies, cookies, soft drinks, coffee, McCafe? beverages and other beverages. In addition, the restaurants sell a miscellanea of other products during limited-time promotions. McDonalds restaurants in the U. S. and many international markets offer a full or limited breakfast menu. Breakfast offerings may include Egg McMuffin, Sausage McMuffin with Egg, McGriddles, biscuit and bagel sandwiches and hotcakes. Source MCDONALDS CORP, 10-K, February 25, 2011Powered by Morningstar Document ResearchSM Table of Contents Intellectual property The Company owns or is licensed to use valuable intellectual property including trademarks, service marks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary information. The Company considers the trademarks McDonalds and The Golden Arches Logo to be of material importance to its business. Depending on the jurisdiction, trademarks and service marks generally are valid as long as they are used and/or registered. Patents, copyrights and licenses are of varying remaining durations. Seasonal operationsThe Company does not consider its operations to be seasonal to any material degree. Working capital practices Information about the Companys working capital practices is incorporated herein by reference to Managements discussion and analysis of financial source and results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009, and 2008 in Part II, Item 7, pages 10 through 27, and the Consolidated statement of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 in Part II, Item 8, page 30 of this Form 10-K. Customers The Companys business is not dependent upon either a single customer or small group of customers. BacklogCompany-operated restaurants have no backlog orders. Government contracts No material portion of the business is subject to renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts or subcontracts at the election of the U. S. government. Competition McDonalds restaurants compete with international, national, regional and local retailers of food products. The Company competes on the basis of price, convenience, service, menu variety and product quality in a highly fragmented global restaurant industry. In measuring the Companys competitive position, management reviews data compiled by Euromonitor International, a leading source of market data with respect to the global restaurant industry.The Companys primary competition, which management refers to as the cozy Eating Out (IEO) segment, includes the following restaurant categories defined by Euromonitor International quick-service eating establishments, casual dining full-service restaurants, 100% home delivery/takeaway providers, route stalls or kiosks, specialist coffee shops and self-service cafeterias. The IEO segment excludes establishments that primarily serve alcohol and full-service restaurants other than casual dining. Based on data from Euromonitor International, the global IEO segment was composed of approximately 6. 3 million outlets and generated $868 billion in annual sales in 2009, the most recent year for which data is available. McDonalds Systemwide 2009 restaurant business accounted for approximately 0. 5% of those outlets and about 8% of the sales. 2Management also on occasion benchmarks McDonalds against the entire restaurant industry, including the IEO segment defined above and all other full-service restaurants. Based on data from Euromonitor International, the restaurant industry was composed of approximately 13. 1 million outlets and generated about $1. 79 trillion in annual sales in 2009. McDonalds Systemwide restaurant business accounted for approximately 0. 2% of those outlets and about 4% of the sales. Research and development The Company operates research and development facilities in the U. S. , Europe and Asia. While research and development activities are important to the Companys business, these expenditures are not material.Independent suppliers also conduct research activities that benefit the Company, its franchisees and sup pliers (collectively referred to as the System). Environmental matters Increased focus by U. S. and overseas governmental authorities on environmental matters is likely to lead to new governmental initiatives, particularly in the area of climate change. While we cannot predict the precise nature of these initiatives, we expect that they may impact our business both directly and indirectly. Although the impact would likely vary by world region and/or market, we believe that adoption of new regulations may increase costs, including for the Company, its franchisees and suppliers.Also, there is a possibility that governmental initiatives, or actual or perceived effects of changes in weather patterns or climate, could have a direct impact on the operations of our restaurants or the operations of our suppliers in ways which we cannot predict at this time. The Company monitors developments related to environmental matters and plans to respond to governmental initiatives in a apropos and a ppropriate manner. At this time, the Company has already undertaken its own initiatives relating to preservation of the environment, including the development of means of monitoring and reducing energy use, in many of its markets. Number of employees The Companys number of employees worldwide, including Company- operated restaurant employees, was approximately 400,000 as of year-end 2010. d. Financial information about geographic areasFinancial information about geographic areas is incorporated herein by reference to Managements discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations in Part II, Item 7, pages 10 through 27 and Segment and geographic information in Part II, Item 8, page 40 of this Form 10-K. e. Available information The Company is subject to the informational requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act). The Company therefore files periodic reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commissi on (SEC). Such reports may be obtained by visiting the human beings Reference Room of the SEC at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D. C. 20549, or by calling the SEC at (800) SEC-0330. In addition, the SEC maintains an internet site (www. sec. gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information.

On different cultures and traditions Essay

From the selection of verses based on antithetical cultures and traditions, comp atomic number 18 and contrast any TWO that you find particularly interesting or enjoyable. (you must choose poetrys by different poets)Presents from my aunts in Pakistan by Moniza Alvi, and Search for my language by Sujata Bhatt, are devil songs which I have selected from the selection of poetrys based on different cultures and traditions. I have selected these numberss, because both poems are about whizz person who is rec exclusivelying their fatherland using objects and images to explain, how much they overlook their homeland, including culture.Both poets have expressed their odorings deeply about their cultures and traditions, using things that they miss and want. For example, Moniza Alvi, in Presents from my aunts in Pakistan uses clothes, jewellery, presents, etc to express who she is. Where as, Sujata Bhatt, in, Search for my tongue, uses her mother tongue, Gujarati, of how much she m isses her homeland.Also, both cultures are quite alike, so it is very easy and understandable, for me, the analyseer, to read. In, the poem written by Moniza Alvi, she has apply many words, which are said, scarcely the same in Gujarati, and several(prenominal)times English. This shows the similarities in cultures. Here are some examples from the poem* They sent me a salwar kameez* My aunts chose an apple-green sariAs Moniza Alvi wrote her complete poem in English, together with the Indian words written as English. Sujata Bhatt wrote half(prenominal) in English and half in Gujarati, but under each direct contrast there was a translation in English of how to read it for people who cannot read Gujarati.So, what both poets are trying to state is that, it does not matter if you are not in your own country, even if you are absent from your homeland, your culture will always tour with you, no matter what.Even though the two poems are similar in most ways, these poems differ from eac h other in some ways.Firstly, Moniza Alvis poem, Presents from my aunts in Pakistan is based on a new-fangled girl, who feels as if she is the odd one out, as she is living in England, but wears and acts as if she was in Pakistan. However in Sujata Bhatts poem, Search for my tongue, she is axiom how she thought, by living in a different country, than her homeland, she would forget all(a) mother tongue and everything about her culture.A further variation, mingled with the two poems, is that one poem is written all in English, where as the other is written half in English and half in Gujarati. Also, the poet Moniza Alvi has set out her poem in different stanzas, and sometimes she has started the beginning of a line half way through, away from the margin. Another thing is that, she carries sentences into the next lines. While Sujata Bhatt, just wrote her poem in one long stanza. All of her lines were short(p) and simple, and each line was linked to the next, in some way, or another .Finally, another difference is that, the first poet used objects to help the reader understand the poem where as poet two used her mother tongue, Gujarati.The poet called Moniza Alvi wrote Presents from my aunts in Pakistan. Presents from my aunts in Pakistan is about a younker girl who receives all types of presents, from her aunts in Pakistan. Most of these presents are things that are only, mostly worn in Pakistan. After receiving these gifts, she feels that she is very different from everyone else surrounding her, like friends from school. This is cause she dresses differently to others. This makes her feel kind of uncomfortable, because, even though she really likes these presents from her aunts, she sometimes feels, that she would like to look the same as the rest of her mates. Moniza Alvis poem is importantly showing her feelings to us by using the presents given to her, as examples. I longedfor denim and corduroy.My costume clung to meand I was aflame,I couldnt rise up ou t of its fire,half-English,unlike aunty Jamila.My salwar kameezdidnt impress the schoolfriendwho sat on my bed, asked to seemy weekend clothes.Above were two examples, which showed part of her feelings. In these two stanzas, it shows how she really felt, and what she actually wished for, or wanted.Moniza Alvi has set this poem, Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan in England, because it is a perfect example of a foreign country, for Pakistan to be compared to. Also, the setting of a poem is very important, as it is the main scene of the poem. Another thing is that, as the poem is set in England, it helps me, the reader to understand what is happening. I also think that England was a terrific persuasion to set the setting, because in England there are many different types of people, which have come from other countries. This poem shows an example of a normal muslim family, which be intimate in an area which they very familiar with, but like to carry on living as they would in Pakist an.I felt, after reading this poem a couple of times, that there is not one particular mood set to this poem, but there is a mixture of moods. I found that, in some cases Moniza Alvi was showing a sense of sadness, in the atmosphere, but tried to make herself feel happy, by changing the subject slightly. Where as in some cases she showed a lot of cheer and pleasure in the atmosphere. An example of her sadness changing, slightly into happiness is, Candy-striped glass banglessnapped, drew blood.Like at school, fashions changedin Pakistan-At first, when I was reading this poem, I felt that she was so happy, but as I got nearly half way through the poem, I felt that this happiness was now changing into sadness, and, this is where her true feelings started to come out.Presents from my aunts in Pakistan is the type of poem which, when reading it, has to be read in different tones of voice. I thought that this poem went from being very settle, to, something, which was quite serious, to a child no a days.Search for tongue, written by Sujata Bhatt, is about a young skirt who thinks, that, by living in a different country she will forget all her homeland, cultures and traditions. Especially her mother tongue, Gujarati. In this poem she is saying that, she thought that each person had a different tongue, for each different language they speak. And that she thought she had lost her tongue forever. But one night, she says that her language comes back to her in her sleep. Sujata Bhatt explains, in Gujarati, how your language is like a flower, which just blooms in your mouth, naturally.The main theme of this poem, I think, is that no matter where you live, your traditions and cultures, especially mother tongue, will stay with you. Search for my tongue is similar to Presents from my aunts in Pakistan. The two poems are connected mainly by religion. The following point about the two poems is probably half a similarity, and half a difference, from my point of view. Firstly, M oniza Alvi has written her poem in English, but for the gujarati words, she has written them, so that the word is said in gujarati, but read in English, where as Sujata Bhatt has actually written part of her stanza in gujarati, but to help the reader read the gujarati, she has, underneath written the word in English, so it is written in English, but said in gujarati.The tone of this poem is sort of the opposite of the first poem, as Search for my tongue is like a question, answer poem, as she asks a question, through her poem, but does not actually want you to answer it. Below is an example of my question, answer theory, from the poem,I ask you, what would you doif you had two tongues in your mouth,Search for my tongue is set in Sujata Bhatts dream. This is where she is explaining how she thinks everything has come back to her, through a dream. Also, the mood of this poem is quite different to the first as, this entire poem is filled with enjoyment, and happiness, where as the first poem was a happy feeling poem, hidden with sadness. From these points mentioned, there are many differences between the two. To begin with, one poem was set in their dreams, as the other was set in England. Secondly, the first poem was all about a young child feeling really upset, and different, where as the second poem is about a young lady, thinking she has lost an important part of her, but has it all along.Presents from my aunts in Pakistan was written in first person. As the poem was written in first person, it made me, the reader to understand the poem, quite easily. Because if the same poem was written in second or third person, it would be very difficult for the reader to understand it. It would also become very confusing, where as, this way everything is short and simple. In the first poem, Moniza Alvi has used many adjectives to describe all the gifts she has received. This helps, me, the reader to picture the image in my mind. From doing this, it helps give a better unde rstanding of what the poet is talk of the town about. Below are a few examples of, Moniza Alvi describing her clothes, which she received.

Business Management: questions and answers Essay

1. Define business ethics. Who determines whether a business natural action is good? Is unethical conduct of all time illegal?Business ethics is the principles that determine the acceptable conduct in the business employment. Customers, competitors, government regulators, interest groups, and the public determine whether a business activity is ethical. No, not all conduct is always illegal.2. Distinguish between ethics and cordial responsibleness.Ethics is the conduct that is acceptable in the business atomic number 18a and brotherly responsibility is the businesss obligation to make a positive impact on society and lower its negative impacts.3. Why has ethics set out so important in business?Ethics has become so important in business because it builds trust among individuals and in business relationships, which leads the company and its employees in a comfortable environment. This also helps the business to lease confidence that their employees are happy in their work area .4. What is an ethical issue? What are some of the ethical issues named in your text? Why are they ethical issues?An ethical issue is a problem that a person needs to choose from several actions that may be considered right or wrong. Some ethical issues discussed are lying, abusive behavior, violations, stealing, sexual harassment, and many others. These are ethical issues because each of these issues can damage the workplace and the production of the company.5. What is a code of ethics? How can one reduce unethical behavior in business?A code of ethics is declare rules that a company expects of its employees before they start to work there. One can reduce unethical behavior in business by giving the employees forward-looking information on which conduct is acceptable and which isnt. This helps for future problems with employees.6. List and discuss the seams for and against social responsibility by business (Table 2.8). Can you think of any supernumerary arguments (for oragains t)?Arguments for social responsibility are since businesses may help create a few social problems, they should help solve them also. Other arguments are that the businesses have the funds to help the social arguments businesses should do their fair share to help others and it can prevent increased government regulations.Arguments against social responsibility are that the managers of the companies are only concerned with making a profit. Another argument is that it may give the business too much power then it should have. Other arguments against social responsibility are that social problems are the responsibility of government agencies and those businesses may not have the expertise to make decisions about social problems. An additional argument I would say is that every company should be required to give some kind of donation to a school or charity at least once a year because they are making money and should help others also with their profit, this would be better for their compa nies recognition.7. What responsibilities does a business have toward its employees?The responsibility a business has towards its employees is to provide a code of ethics to solve any future problems towards the employees. They should also have to pay them a decent pay for their work, and give them information about the companys happenings. Also, employees want to be listened to by someone who is in a higher position.8. What responsibilities does business have with envision to the environment? What steps have been taken by some responsible businesses to minimize the negative impact of their activities on the environment?The responsibilities businesses have regarding the environment are animal rights and pollution. Businesses have created positions in their business for enivornmental affairs. The businesses try to eliminate the waste practices they use and the emission of pollution or the chemicals they use if they are harmful to the environment. some companies have turned to alte rnative energy sources.9. What are a businesss responsibilities toward the community in which it operates?A businesss responsibilities toward the community it is in are through donations to organizations and to give money to schools to providebetter education. Companies also provide scholarships to students, support for teachers and computers for students. Also businesses are providing trainings for the unemployed.Book Business Organization and watchfulness

Jesus and the Law: An Ancient Text in a Postmodern Context Essay

deli genuinely boy and the Law An Ancient Text in a Postmodern Context In looking at messiah and the virtue we must acknowledge that the Naz arne is the fillment of the old arrangement. Every theme in the Old Testament points forward towards savior. The practice of natural legality is the citation of immortal written in a language which adult male beings can represent. The law was given to arrangement us the holiness of divinity and to demonstrate mans imperfection.The entire reason for the law was so that we would understand that through our own efforts and abilities, we can neer reach perfections level of holiness, and as such, we would etern altogethery remain damned. But deity, gave us the law so that through our continuous failure we would realise the light of the truth, which is rescuer Christ. When we willingly acknowledge this ultimate truth, we will recognize that the only way we can ever, possibly, enter the Kingdom of Heaven is by the leniency and grace of our paragon. It is because of Gods mercy and grace that he decided to send his Son to break-dance in our stead, so that through his death and resurrection we strength visualize interminable life. It is only through Jesus Christ as the slain Lamb of God, risen and interceding for mankind, that we can ever touch the heart of God.Gods plan began in Eden with the fall of man and every act of God was directed towards this end that Jesus would come to earth to die as our perfect and permanent transgression sacrifice. Jesus came in fulfillment of the prophetic foreshadowing presented in the Old Testament. So if we are to choose matchless scripture to study regarding Jesus and the law we can safely and aptly choose Matthew, chapter 5 and versus 17-48 the Sermon on the Mount. In this passage we shall examine quad aspects, relating to Jesus and the law, which are Jesus proclaims the law Jesus interpretation of the law Jesus fulfillment of the law and Jesus and the law today. Jesus Proclaims the LawTo understand the scripture found in Matthew we must recognize that in this time and in this place Jesus was speaking to the people during the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus was teaching the law of the old covenant because he had non died yet, and so the new covenant was not yet in practice. The statues of the law are grounded in Gods work in creation and they serve Gods relational purposes of life, stability, and the well-being of individuals and communities (Fretheim, 163). The primary message that Jesus was communicating can be understood in one and only(a) verse, Therefore you shall be perfect, just as your Father in heaven is perfect (New Revised Standard Version, Matt 549). He was teaching the law of the Torah the law of God.The law demanded perfection, and Jesus was certainly encouraging people to pursue perfection. Jesus pursued this same perfection and was not without temptation. He was flesh and blood. Jesus was a human being with all of our frailties, need s, and desires. He was as much a human as any human being on earth. He suffered persecution and trouble as is evident in his words Blessed are you when people revile you and persecute you and utter all kinds of evil against you falsely (Matt 511). Jesus knew how it felt to be persecuted. He was not without compassion for mankind. Yet, He knew that perfection could only be found in practicing obedience to the law, which is why He went willingly to the cross.Brueggemann writes The Torah is not God, for in our obedience and disobedience this is a God so near. But God is not God without Torah, and if we would know God, it comes by way of obedience (115). Jesus came in fulfillment of the law, and He was obedient to the law of His Father. He became our example of righteous, selfless, obedient love for God. Jesus was the fulfillment of the law, lived in obedience to the law and taught obedience to the law. He knew that in order for us to touch the heart of God, or even diligently grasp ou t our imperfect fingertips toward God, we must be obedient to the Law. Jesus Interpretation of the LawJesus spent a great deal of His time version the law for us. During the Sermon on the Mount Jesus proclaimed that people should put on Gods holiness. He taught the people of the very character of God. Jesus taught the law as the covenant between God and man and as the way to God. Jesus does not interpret the law as the Pharisees did which want to enslave the people within a heavy yoke, which they were always unable to bear. The people thought to live under the law were simply struck refine by the taskmasters lash. But here in Matthew, Jesus taught of love, and of forgiveness, which transcends the law.The Pharisees proclaimed traditions which laid outside the law and which were a lower standard of righteousness than that impersonate forth by Gods pure Law. During the Sermon on the Mount Jesus gave examples of how tradition had been used to set aside the real role of the Law. For example he said You have heard that it was said, You shall love your neighbor and hate your enemy. But I say to you, Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, so that you may be children of your Father in heaven for he makes his sun rise on the evil and on the good, and sends rain on the righteous and on the unrighteous (Matt 543-45).If the people are obedient to laws which were not given by God then disobedience results, which leads to separation from God. Jesus interpreted the law so that the people would be made righteous through obedience to the law. Even Jesus said For I tell you, unless your righteousness exceeds that of the scribes and Pharisees, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven (Matt 520). Moreover, He interpreted the law in a new light which offers mankind a view into the holy heart of God. Isaiah predicted that Jesus would teach the lawfor the sake of his righteousness, to magnify his teaching and make it glorious (Isa. 4221). And this Jesus did for the sake of the Lords righteousness. Jesus Fulfillment of the LawJesus came in fulfillment of the law. Jesus said Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets I have come not to abolish but to fulfill. For truly I tell you, until heaven and earth pass away, not one letter, not one stroke of a letter, will pass from the law until all is accomplished. (Matt 517-18). He is the light at the end of the old covenant which shines brightly toward the future for those that would see. There were two avenues available to mankind under the law. The first avenue was total obedience and the second was death. If the way of obedience was not chosen then the only way to go was towards death. But theses avenues were dimly lit and the people strained to see which one was the right path to take.Our revolting nature prevents us from vivacious(a) in total obedience to the law as given from Moses, therefore there was only one outcome or one avenue for mankind which is death. But Jesus came in fulfillment of the law. Jesus walked on both avenues of the Law. He took the first avenue by living a life in absolute obedience to the Law. He was God manifested in the flesh. God became as a man and lived perfectly, because there was no sin within Him. On the first avenue, Jesus fulfilled the law, by living in obedience to its demands. Jesus also took the second avenue available to a man of flesh by dying for our sins.The law demanded death for anyone who did not live in obedience to it, and He died on behalf of everyone whose obedience waned. Therefore Jesus was the fulfillment of the law and through Him we can find life and not death if we chose to walk with him along the avenues of life. Fretheim writes The Primal sin may thus trump be defined as mistrust of God and Gods word, which then manifests itself in disobedience and former(a) behaviors (78). If we trust in Gods words then we will choose to be obedient to His words and his laws of holiness.If we chose dis obedience then we choose death. But it is Jesus fulfillment of the law that gives us this authorise of choice. It is Gods sacrifice of His only Son, who was made to suffer as flesh, blood and bone on this earth at the hands of the very beings He was sent to die for. It was Jesus fulfillment of the law that allows us to entertain the possibility of seeing God. Jesus and the Law TodayMen repugn today about the question of following the old covenant or following the new covenant. But the two covenants are meant to be intermingled in the hearts of men. The old covenant attends the new and the new covenant fulfills the old. Jesuss obedience to the laws of the covenant imparts authority and thus is due our obedience. There are approximately that say Jesus ended the law, which is partly true since He is he fulfillment of the law and the term fulfillment imparts a conclusion, or an ending to something.However, that is not to say that the law is no more. Indeed Gods law is unchanged. It w as the traditions of man that sought to imprison mankind in their sinful flesh, which then brought eonian dependence on other men (e.g. Pharisees or Priests) to bring them back into the grace of God. Jesus offered us a new way into the grace of God and that way is found at Calvary. Jesus obedience to the law became a paradigm for the modern church.Suzanne Johnson writes that becoming a Christian includes instruction in the sacred publications, the reshaping of ethical vision, and formation of ethical responsibilities (19-20). Where does the Christian find a standard for this ethical vision or responsibilities? We are supposed to read the sacred writings which provide us with a standard and the example of a holy God, made flesh in the form of Jesus Christ.For many centuries the church followed the inexorable practices of mans doctrine which they interpreted from the scriptures as the desire of God. Not so oddly, most of these adherences were geared towards practices that men detec ted in women. For example, for many eld women were not allowed to speak in the church service. This practice was gleaned from Pauls writings when he was addressing some problems in the church of Corinth. There were some traditions or practices that were set up for men also, like abstaining from the use of tobacco, foul language (which was determined by the society of that era), and the wearing of revealing clothing (e.g. short subdivision shirts). None of these traditions were practiced by Jesus or authorized according to His word.Even John said Indeed, God did not send the Son into the ground to condemn the world, but in order that the world might be saved through him (317). The church changes over time. It moves and sways with the society in which it exists, especially in regard to their boundaries, beliefs, and practices. What was once taboo, or forbidden, is now acceptable. The Church of God has twenty-nine practical and doctrinal commitments, but seven of these beliefs have to do with everyday living aspects given from interpretation of modern man (sgacog.org).The practical commitments have changed a great deal since the church was formed over 127 years ago. Men are trying way too hard to make it down that avenue of obedience. Jesus came to make it easier and yet, in our infinite wisdom and striving for excellence on our own merit, we have made it way more complicated that it actually is.Conclusion Jesus did not give any authority to the laws of man, but came to fulfill the laws of God alone. Jesus offers us examples of the law in his life and in His death. If we are to follow in His footsteps down the pathway of earthly life to eternal life, then we have to put down those beliefs and practices which serve only to separate men from each other and from God. It is in the practice of love and forgiveness that we shall find the heart of God. From the very beginning God had a plan to bring mankind back into an intimate relationship with him.He has given us the law so that we might find His Spirit dwelling in us through the blessing of obedience. Through Gods Spirit we find recreation and light. Because God loves us so much He provided that the avenue we must follow is easy and buoyant. To be obedient to God is to be blessed and joyful throughout ones life. This law, which applies to all humankind for all time, is founded upon Gods holiness. God does not change and his holiness does not change, therefore the law does not change. It is the same loving guidance for every generation that was, that is, and that is to come. Fretheim declares, The reason for the giving of the law is stated clearly it is a gracious divine gift so that you may live, and that it may go well with you, and that you may live long in the land (533) (156). Why do we fight against the law of God? Is it because we have romanticized death through media messages which falsely present a passionate view of death, or is it because we cannot see that peace, life, and GodH imself- is found within the obedient existence. Jesus life would be a lie if it were not for the law.The law prophesized of his coming and of his sacrificial role. He came to live and die in the promises of God. There was no other reason for Jesus to come to this earth and die a terrible death, other than to fulfill the law. God said it, and since His word does not change, nor return void, it had to be so. If we look at no other scripture than Matthew 517-48 we can clearly define the role of the law and Jesus participation in the law. For in this scripture we see Jesus proclaim the law, Jesus interpret the law for all of mankind, Jesus fulfilled the law and Jesus make the law relevant today, and forever and always.Works Cited Bruegemann, Walter. The Creative Word Canon as a Model for Biblical Education. Philadelphia Fortress Press, 1982. Print. Fretheim, Terence E. The Pentateuch. Nashville Abingdon Press, 1996. Print. Johnson, Susanne. Christian Spiritual Formation in the Church a nd Classroom. Nashville Abingdon Press, 1989. Print. New Revised Standard Version. Ed. Michael Coogan. New York Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. South Georgia Church of God. South Georgia Church of God. 2010. Who We Are. Web. 17 October 2013.

Assess Critically Three Causes of World War I Essay

World War I and its consequences have dominated European history since 1914. Because of the bitter contr oversy over the post- struggle peace treaties, the origins of the war continued to be an issue of expiration political importance in the age to come. The nifty War had its roots in 1870 in the towering expansion and uncontrolled ambitions of Bismarck and the new Germany (Wolfson et al 1997). Imperialism, which began to emerge around the turn of the 20th ascorbic acid alike played a decisive role. Fights over the colonies contributed to the establishment of complex set of supranational every last(predicate) in alliances, which helped to change the European balance of power and when combined with the third factor instability in the Balkan region unavoidably sparked off the First World War.Besides the three main causes, they were in any case other conditions, like the weaponry race between Germany and Britain, a process of social-economic modernization in Europe, the i ncreasing importance of international prestige, the underreckoning of the counterparts power, which overly contributed to the outbreak of the war. As Joll (1990) argues, there were also philosophical facts that had great refer in the evolution of the tragic events of 1914. The prevalent Darwinian ideas of the survival of the fittest, of the struggle for existence were among European statesmen forward 1914.The Versailles Treaty, signed in June 1919 unambiguously blamed Germany, the military regime of the Kaiser, William II and his consort for causing all the loss and damage they imposed upon Europe between 1914-1918. In the eighty- five years since the war terminate however there has been a growing awareness, that the origins of the war were far more complex. Historians have studied not plainly the tangle of alliances and treaties which existed before the war but also the connections between the political and military spheres, the bow of domestic policies, and the national my ths and traditions (Merriman 1996).Looking back in history, the Franco-Prussian War (1870) completely changed the balance of power in Europe and strengthened Germanys position as the controling continental power. The annexation of Alsace-Lorraine never healed the wounds in France, and pois unrivalledd the coituss between the two countries down to 1914. European politics from the 1880s was dominated by a dense web of alliances and treaties, which aimed to consolidate Germanys position in Europe.However, Bismarcks international recountings were only successful in the short-term and in the long-term they were plagued by insecurity and mistrust. As one alliance developed, it aroused the distrust of those states excluded from it, which then created counter-alliances (Joll 1990). cut hostility was inevitable but Britain and Russia had also turn over deeply suspicious of German policies. But insecurity ruled also between the Russians and the cut, the French and the British, the Serb s and the Russians, and the Germans and the Austrians. By the time Bismarck left office in 1890, his only reliable German allies were the Dual Monarchy of Austro-Hungary and Italy, and this remained the position in 1914.By 1914 the key European alliances were-Germany-Austro-Hungary (1789)-France-Russia (1893)- entente cordiale Cordial between England-France (1904)-The Triple Entente between England France and Russia (1907) and-Russia-Serbia (1914)Out of the great European powers only Austro-Hungary entered the war with a clear aim to barricade the challenge of the South-Slav nationalism the other participants fought for t replacement survival as colossal Powers. So Austria has to bear also close to responsibility for the outbreak of the war. Russia was not ready for war, she desperately needed to avoid another humiliation as in 1905 in the Russo-Japanese war the first time in history, when white supremacy became en risk of infectioned. The British presidential term was also rel uctant to become involved in the war, it had its own problems with the Irish Home Rule, with strikes and suffragettes (Gildea 1996). France was also on the defensive side, she had its socialists to worry about, but she highly relied on the Russian alliance given the danger of the German attack.Imperialism played a decisive role in the escalation of the tensions between the Great Powers at the outbreak of the war in 1914. As Marxist historians considered, imperial expansion was the logical extension of the development of monopoly capitalism, and such it would lead to war and eventually to international revolution (Wolfson et al 1997). The motives for swift colonial expansion prior the Great War were mixed and complex. There was a strong ideological belief in the superiority of European culture, but also the possession of colonies was a factor of world power.Imperialism poisoned the relations between the Great Powers from the 1870s. Although the Berlin assemblage of 1884-85 had settl ed the principles of European colonisation, further disagreements developed among the parties over territory, access to raw materials and merchandises, thus leading to serial of crisis, like the Fashoda incident (1898), or the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) (Merriman 1996). The issue of control over the Suez Canal particularly embittered the relation between Britain and France, because France was deeply jealous of British colonial supremacy. Germany was keen to exploit this rupture to win France over to his side, and to bully Great Britain into making concessions to Germany (Gildea 1996).However, the Anglo-German controversy, which became acute by 1914, was the most important clash among the Great Powers (Eksteins 1989). British statesmen were eager to uphold certain principles in Europe. They were concerned by the prospect of any nation change state too powerful and providing a threat to British world power. Germany, which had been united as recently as 1871, and deep down one gen eration had become an awesome industrial and military power, posed real danger to the British pre-eminence and mastery in Europe. However the most chancy acceleration came in the field of oceanic expansion. Since Britain held her navy to be vital, any attempt to rival it by another power, particularly Germany would meet a spirited response (Wolfson et al 1997 ). Britain also feared that Germany and Russia cleverness make common cause, for instance in the middle(a) East (Stone 1973).However there were many other signs that the alliance transcription was overheating in the years before 1914. Morocco rich in mineral and agricultural wealth on the northern coast of Africa had become a central feature of the world politics because it combined a variety of aims and interest (Wolfson et al 1997). It provided an opportunity for colonial expansion, and also to enhance European aims in relative safety. By 1900 several European countries were eager to exploit the resources of Morocco, p articularly Germany and France coveted the place. In 1904, in the Entente Cordial Britain had recognised French interest over the country. Germany was not consulted of these negotiations. In the Algeciras conference in 1906 Germany found herself deserted by all but Austro-Hungary, and the German delegation had to be satisfied with a share of international control of Maroc finances (Wolfson et al ibid).In 1911 when France was given a protectorate in Morocco, Kaiser William attacked the Moroccan port, Agadir, to protect German interests there. Although direct confrontation was avoided when the Germans were compensated by an offer of territory in the French Kongo, this compromise could only offer a temporary solution to the Franco-German conflict, since Germany was dissatisfied with the resolution. The Agadir crisis also had harmful consequences for the peace of Europe. On the one hand, Germany had suffered a diplomatic defeat, but on the other hand, the British, French and Russian judicatures were alarmed by the rough attitude of the Germans. France was also humiliated, which fact stimulated the awakening of national feeling in France (Gildea 1996).The growth of resister to imperial rule resulted in the emergence of nascent nationalist movements in Europe. The principle of national self-rule had been gaining force since the revolutions of 1848, and revolutionary nationalism in various forms threatened the Ottoman, Austrian, German, Russian and British Empires. The war of 1914 was also due to the unbearable national tensions within the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the attempts of that power to escape from them by action dangerous to peace (Wolfson et al 1997). Austro-Hungary had always been a multi-racial state and the subject races were now rebelling against it. Nationalism of the different nationalities within the empire profoundly threatened the stability of its power, and thus the empire sought a swift and lite victory that would reunite the nationalitie s against a common enemy.So, finally, it was the Balkan which was the tinderbox for the outbreak of the war. The national struggles of the Balkan people were complicated by the rivalry between the powers in the area. Of the five great powers, Russia, Austria and Germany were particularly interested in the area either on political, or cultural reasons. Also, the control of the Balkan meant an abundant supply of cheap raw materials, a populous market and a large field for profitable investment for the rival parties.In 1908 the Ottoman provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina, which had been occupied by Austria Hungary since the Congress of Berlin in 1878, were annexed by the Austro-Hungarian government, mainly to prevent these Slav provinces from being absorbed by the Slav kingdom of Serbia. These Turkish provinces were of great strategic importance to the Habsburgs. Russia, the protector of the South Slavs, didnt fight over this issue, because she was compensated by access to the Mediterranea n. However, as an immediate repercussion to the Bosnian crisis, Russia constructed a Balkan block as a bulwark against further Austrian expansion.The success of the Balkan League (1912) against the Turkish Ottoman Empire horror-struck the Great Powers. Each of the new Balkan powers had made significant gains of both territory and prestige. These gains endangered the plans of Russia and Austro-Hungary for the domination, if not annexation, of the Balkan (Wolfson et al 1997). The emergence of a victorious Serbia grew particularly troublesome in the region. The Czar felt that Russia had suffered a diplomatic defeat because due to Austrian insistence she could not obtain Albania for Serbia. Austria-Hungary considered her ambitions to reach the Aegean directly affected, and she also considered that a powerful Serbian state might be dangerous if it reached the sea, and under the influence of Russia might be able to close Austrias only outlet, the Adriatic. Therefore some of the bolder st atesmen of the Dual Monarchy desired to remain Serbia always dependent.The consequences of the Balkan Wars directly led to the outbreak of the First World War. The increasingly serious crises sparkled the murder of the Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne at Sarajevo by Bosnian students. They opposed the Trialism that advocated the integration of Bosnia-Herzegovina into the Kingdom of Serbia, but the Serbian government was not responsible in the killing (Gildea 1996). However, the crisis couldnt have developed further, if imperial tensions hadnt poisoned the relation between the Great Powers.In the approach to the outbreak of the First World War three factors were crucial.Imperialism, the system of international alliances, and the rising nationalism. However, the ambitions and strategies of the Great Powers, colonial rivalry, awakening national pride were also decisive factors. Imperialism fuelled conflicts among the Great Powers, particularly when it threatened the participants pri de, and interest. But it also led to the frustrations of ethnic minorities, which in turn sparkled violent reactions. The Morocco crisis change magnitude the sense of international insecurity and intensified the pressure on states to rearm. The Balkan Wars strengthened the position of the Balkan powers, which challenged the plans of Russia and Austria-Hungary for domination. Each of these clashes had the capableness to ignite a European war and while none solely contributed to the outbreak of war, they certainly back up in the creation of a complex series of international alliances geared towards correlative protection against mutual enemies.B I B L I O G R A P H YEksteins, M. 1989. Rites of Spring. The Great War and the Birth of the Modern Age.capital of the United Kingdom Bantam Press.Joll, J. 1990. Europe since 1870. London Penguin.Gildea, R. 1996. Barricades and Borders. Oxford Oxford University Press.Merriman, J. 1996. The History of Europe Vol 2. London Norton.Stone, N. 19 73. Europe Transformed 1878-1919. London Fontana.Wolfson, R. Laver, J. 1997. Years of Change. Europe 1890-1945.

Renaissance and Reformation

spiritual rebirth and Reformation Test Humanism- Classical texts from the Greek and Roman culture forego to humanism. Humanism focused on human potential and achievements. People stopped worrying about Christian commandments. Influenced artists and architects. History, Literature, and Philosophy are humanities subjects. Secular- People became concerned with the here and now Predestination- Callings book/doctrine Institutes of the Christian Religion reconciles that e realone is sinful by nature and God has cognize from the beginning who he will save. Council of course of study- pontiff Paul Ill 4th step toward reform was to call a great council of hurt leaders to Trend.Catholic Bishops and Cardinals agreed on several doctrines 1) Church interpretation of the bible was final anyone who substituted there ideas was a heresiarch 2) Christians need faith and genuine works for salvation 3) The rule book and perform building traditions were both as sinewy for guidance 4)luncheon s were valid ex messions of faith Annul- Divorce was not allowed however the pope could annul the mirage which meaner to find test copy that the mirage was never legal in the first place Recant-to take back a statement you do about something Indulgence- you pay money for an indulgence and it will take away our sin Patron- pontiffs who beautified the cities by disbursal large amounts of money 95 thesis- Luther wrote 95 theses that he thought the church should change which lead to reclamation- a ordure for religious reform. His teaching had 3 main ideas 1) People could win salvation by hardly with faith in god, the church taught that faith and good workers were needed for salvation 2) All church teachings should be based on the bible.The pope and church traditions were false authorities 3) All people with faith were liken therefore people didnt need priests to interpret the bible for them Edict of Worms- King Charles declared Luther of an outlaw and heretic, no one was supposed to give him food or shelter and his books were to be burned. However Prince Frederick gave him shelter in a castle and people began to follow his sayings priests wore regular clothes and called themselves misters, led service in German not Latin and some ministers married, which created a new religious group called the Lutheran instead of seeking reforms against the Catholic Church.Protestant- A Christian who is not Catholic Peace of Suburbs- German princes decided if there state would be catholic or rottenest Act of Supremacy- English act of Parliament that recognized Henry octad as the Supreme Head of the Church of England not the pope Anabaptist- Believed that people shouldnt be baptized into the Christian faith as children because they were not old enough to decide if they wanted to be Christian taught that the church and the state should be separate, and they refused to fight wars.Viewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened society both Catholics and Protestants persecuted them Peasants Revolt-peasants were excited by Lathers extremist ideas and demanded an end to serfdom. The revolt horrified Luther so Luther wrote a pamphlet urging the German Princes to show no mercy, the army crushed the revolt massacring over 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed by Luther many peasants rejected his religious leadership.However through his writings he remained influential People Igniting of Loyola- Catholic reformer, wrote the Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day by day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. The pope made Igniting a religious order called the Society of saviour Members were called Jesuits- concentrated on 3 ideas 1) Founded schools throughout Europe. 2) Convert non-Christians toCatholicism 2) Stop Protestantism from spreading Johann Gutenberg- Reinvented movable type and the create press- machine that presses paper against a tray full of inked movable type created the first completed bible called the Gutenberg Bible Johann Tested- Was raising m oney to rebuild SST. Pewters Cathedral in Rome, he did this by selling indulgences, he gave the supposition that by buying indulgences you could buy your way to heaven Martin Luther Against Tested for selling indulgences Wrote 95 thesis attack Pardon Merchants Believed you can to a greater extentover win salvation through faith and forgiveness of GodExcommunicated by Pope Leo X Charles V issued the Edict of Worms declaring Luther as a heretic, but Prince Frederick sheltered him in a castle Translated the New Testament to German Lutheran were his followers John Calvin Wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion which verbalised ideas about God, salvation, and human nature Called the few people that God chooses to save the elect God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved-predestination Calvinist Ruled geneva, Switzerland with theocracy (government ruled by religious leaders) Geneva was a city of high moral because of how strict he wasHenry VIII Married to Catherine of Argon and has a daughter named Mary but wants a divorce so he can have a son to be the heir to the throne Pope refused to annul his marriage so he called unneurotic a session with the reformation Parliament and asked to pass a set of laws that ended the popes power in England Act of Supremacy made the king the head of the Church of England, not the pope Closed monasteries and increase total power Anne had a daughter named Elizabeth so he imprisoned her in a brood and beheaded her 3rd wife gave him his son, Edward ErasmusChristian humanist from Holland who wrote The Praise of Folly which made fun of stingy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests Believes in Christianity of the heart Wrote in Latin In order to ameliorate society, all people should study the Bible Catherine of Argon- Married to Henry VII never had a son so Henry wanted to annul the marriage at first the pope said no because she did not want to offend the Holy Roman Empire Charles V but later later on Henry VII put in the Act of Supremacy- Made the English King the head of church not the pope the marriage was annulled Pope Leo X- excommunicated Luther after 95 thesis Artists Donated- Made inscribes much realistic by carving natural postures and expressions carved the statue David Leonardo De Vinci- Artistic scientist, painted Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, A True conversion Man Raphael- Learned from Leonardo De Vinci and Michelangelo, Painted the walls of Julius II Library, Painted School of Athens, conveys the authoritative literature of the Renaissance and shows classical and Renaissance figures together Michelangelo- Sculpted David second, glorified the human body and explored Renaissance theme of human potential, minted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, Scientific artist, true Renaissance man Jan Van Check- Italian Renaissance, Oil-based Paintings very realistic Writers Machiavelli- Wrote The Prince which said a prince must be strong as a lion and p enetrating as a fox, he might have to trick his enemys and even his own people for the good of the state, he was not concerned with the morally right but with the politically effective Castigation-published The Courtier with the help of Aviators cologne water Sir Thomas Moore- Christian Humanists, he was concerned with societys flaws, wrote Utopia about an imaginary land inhabited by a peace-loving people.In Greek Utopia meaner no place but in English it has come to mean standard place because of Mores book Vocal Perspective- AD art Vernacular- Native language Anglican- Anglican Church= only legal Church of England Elizabeth was head of Church Presbyterian-Followers of John Knox he was a preacher from Scotland whom spread the teaching of John Calvin and made Calvinist Scotland official religion Catholic Reformation- Helping Catholics remain loyal to the church Questions The Renaissance began in Italy because of thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of Greece and Rome. England lagged behind because of the bubonic plague and the 100 years war.A perfect Renaissance Man- Charming, witty, well-educated, Dance, sing, play music, write poetry, skilled rider, wrestler, swordsman, self-controlled Northern vs.. Southern Renaissance Art Northern Focused only on Religion about landscapes and the lifestyles of people Southern more blue Greek and Roman mythologies, about gods and goddesses Catholic Reformation took steps like having the Society of Jesus, Jesuits, and the Council of Trend to address the Protestant Reformation 4 movements that made up the Reformation . 3. 4. What changes did this bring to Europe? Of taboo books- Institutes of Christian Religion- Index Sarandon- Patriarch- Velasquez- What city was the center of the Renaissance? Florence, Italy What type of art was the focus of the Renaissance? naturalism (sometimes using Biblical scenes) The merchant family named Renaissance. Medici was important at the beginning of the Who led the split away from the Catholic Church in England? Henry VIII Why did England split from the church? The King wanted a male heir so he needed to divorce his wife What country did the Protestant reformation start in? Germany (Martin Luther in Wattenberg) How was the printing press crucial to Martin Luther? He could spread his tenets more expeditiously This movement resulted from the Protestant Reformation. It was an attempt to change the Catholic Church to better meet the needs of its followers. Catholic Reformation 1 .Reasons that the Renaissance originated on the Italian peninsula include all of the following EXCEPT the peninsulas A. geographical location B. Political organization C. Religion D. Social structure E. Economic structure 2. Which of the following is non a Renaissance value? A. Mastery of ancient languages B. Derogate of the arts C. Scholarly achievement D. technique in the military arts E. Civic duty 3. Renaissance humanism A. Devalued mastery of ancient langua ges B. Urged the development of a single talent to perfection C. Valued ancient philosophers as the final authorities on all matters D. Denied the existence of God E. Valued scholarship for its own sake and for the glory it brought the city-state 4.The belief that by cultivating the finest qualities of their beings, human beings could commune with God was a conclusion of A. Guileless B. Manipulations C. The lay piety movement D. The Catholic Church in Renaissance Italy E. The doge 5. Which of the following was not a factor that contributed to the Renaissance exquisite achievement? A. The patronage of the pope B. The invasion of Italy by the French C. The competitive spirit of competing elites D. The apprentice body E. The lack of separation between artistic and commercial aspects of the Renaissance art world 6. Which of the following did NOT enable the spread of the Renaissance? A. The Treaty of Load B.Manilas invitation to Charles VIII to bring troops to Italy C. The printing pre ss D. Students and teachers migrating in and out of the Italian peninsula E. The lay piety pavement 7. Renaissance art A. Was characterized by the fearful specialization of its artists B. Was characterized by religious subject matter C. Abandoned painting in favor of sculpture D. Was characterized by its concern for the human form E. Did not require patrons 8. Northern humanism A. Was less secular than Italian humanism B. Linked scholarship and learning with religious piety C. Criticized the notion that priests were required to realize the Bible D. Contributed to the Reformation E. All of the above 1 .